This study sets the Anthropometric grounds in Mexican population for an objective individual patient analysis and comparison with the female population of this and other nations. It is the first study of its kind in our country. Recent studies have shown that breast tumors in young women exhibit more aggressive characteristics than those occurring in older patients 37. Public systems need to face this growing health problem, mainly in developing countries where the incidence of BC is rising 38 and a higher proportion of women debuts at younger stages 37. In our analysis, younger women (<45 years of age) from Hispanic datasets accounted for a higher proportion compared with Caucasian patients. In accordance with the reported average age at diagnosis in Mexican women, that occurs a decade less than in the Caucasian population 39. Notably, aggressive basal-like tumors, that are mainly composed by TN tumors, and HR + /HER2 + cancers are enriched in younger HM and Hispanic non-Mexican patients in comparison with patients from non-Hispanic ancestry. In accordance, it has been reported that Mexican young patients have a larger proportion of TN tumors than their counterparts in Europe, US and Asia 40. Hotspot mutations have been identified with cancer hotspot database ( http://cancerhotspots.org) 26, 75 using protein change annotation retrieved from TransVar 73. only one value (Nipple areola complex diameter). The mean values for Nipple areola complex diameter divided by age group were: 3rd decade of life (R 3.9 cm, I 3.9 cm), Fourth decade of life (R 4.1 cm, I 4.2 cm), Fifth decade of life (R 4.4 cm, I 4.3 cm), >6 th decade of life (R 3.9 cm, I 3.9 cm) ( Figure 6). The mean value established for NAC diameter was 4.1 cm, without any statistically significant difference in age group or side (p < 0.414) ( Table 4). Knaul, F. M. et al. [Breast cancer in Mexico: an urgent priority]. Salud Publica Mex. 51(Suppl 2), s335–s344 (2009).

Moreover, we identified recurrent alterations that particularly affect HM tumor genomes, such as the enrichment of AKT1 E17K mutation in HR + tumors, with a prevalence of 8%. Interestingly, although this amino acid alteration was identified as a recurrent hotspot mutation in BC 26, 41, other profiles report a lower frequency, ranging from 1.4% to 5.9% in different ancestries 42, 43, 44, with a mean frequency of 3.8%. In accordance with these data, through our in-silico analysis of large-scale sequencing studies, we were only able to detect a similar frequency in young BC patients (<35 years) from South Korea, with 8% (4/50), but not in any other dataset of tumors analyzed, nor this has been previously reported by other study, to the best of our knowledge. After correlating the demographic characteristics (age, weight, BMI, height) with the anthropometric measurements, a positive medium and high correlation was found between weight/BMI and SNN:N, BV and BB. A Low correlation was found between weight/BMI and, ML:N and LBPL. We also found a correlation between age and SSN:N, LBPL, BV and BB. In contrast, no correlation was found between any age and ML:N, or height and any anthropometric measurement ( Table 5).

Spicevids videos

Villarreal-Garza, C. et al. Molecular subtypes and prognosis in young mexican women with breast cancer. Clin. Breast Cancer 17, e95–e102 (2017). Measurements were taken in healthy patients with absence of any deformity, during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The inclusion criteria are being Mexican, good health and normal physical development. Excluding criteria are previously diagnosed benign or malignant breast pathology, previous breast surgery, taking any type of hormone treatment, suffering any endocrine illness, pregnancy, lactation or presenting any thorax deformity. The objective of this study is to determine which are the standard breast parameters and the anatomical proportions of a healthy Mexican Female breast, sorted by age group (decade) and body mass index (BMI).

Tepper, O.M., Unger, J.G., Small, K.H., Feldman, D., Kumar, N., Choi, M. and Karp, N.S. (2010) Mammometrics: The Standardization of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 125, 393-400.For the statistical analysis the latest version of SPSS software was used. We performed a Student-T test for data comparison and for data correlation, the Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained. All the results are represented in mean ± SD. These authors contributed equally: Sandra L. Romero-Cordoba, Ivan Salido-Guadarrama, Rosa Rebollar-Vega. Mermel, C. H. et al. GISTIC2.0 facilitates sensitive and confident localization of the targets of focal somatic copy-number alteration in human cancers. Genome Biol. 12, R41 (2011). Although TMB is one of the main factors that characterizes cancer genomes and a potential marker of risk assessment, there are also particular mutational processes that generate unique signatures and, along with TMB, constitute emergent informative features of cancer. Therefore, we investigated which mutational signatures operate in HM tumors and their association with age and subtype prevalence. To gain further insights into these operative mutational processes, the contribution of mutational signatures were delineated using deconstructSigs 18 and SigFit 19 tools based on single nucleotide variations (SNV) in tumors harboring a TMB above the median value for each tumor collection ( n = HM 69, 52 AA, 30 Asian, 323 Caucasian, Asian Kan 94). The mutational landscape of each signature deconstructed by the two algorithms showed a highly concordant result (Supplementary Fig. 5a). Most individual cancer exomes exhibit more than one mutational signature (Sig) and many different combinations of signatures were observed among BC tumors, across all populations (Supplementary Fig. 5b). In general, 8 signatures were robustly detected among BC tumors from the 30 COSMIC signatures v2 20, but it seems that some tumors have a more complex repertoire of mutational processes than others (Supplementary Fig. 5b, Supplementary Data 4). Top frequently mutated signatures among patients from different ancestry deconstructed with both algorithms included: Sig1, Sig2, Sig3, Sig13 and Sig7 (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Fig. 5c, d, and Supplementary Data 4). Of note, 96% of the evaluated tumors presented one of these top signatures, while the remaining 4% did not present any of them. Parker, J. S. et al. Supervised risk predictor of breast cancer based on intrinsic subtypes. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 1160–1167 (2009).

A prospective study obtaining breast measurements in a sample of Mexican female volunteers of the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery department of the Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad ( HCSAE) was performed. Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

Spicevids videos

Cibulskis, K. et al. Sensitive detection of somatic point mutations in impure and heterogeneous cancer samples. Nat. Biotechnol. 31, 213–219 (2013). Lefebvre C, et al. Mutational Profile of Metastatic Breast Cancers: A Retrospective Analysis. PLoS Med 13, e1002201 (2016).

Kim, S. B. et al. Ipatasertib plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel as first-line therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (LOTUS): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 18, 1360–1372 (2017). Biochemistry Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, MexicoForbes, S. A. et al. COSMIC: mining complete cancer genomes in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer. Nucleic Acids Res. 39, D945–D950 (2011). Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México Mexican patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer, without a second tumor and treated with adjuvant therapy at the Institute of Breast Diseases (FUCAM) from 2008–2012 were convenient collected. Tumor and adjacent non-tumoral tissue, as well as peripheral blood were obtained (EDTA Vacutainer tubes, BD, 6 ml) from each patient after informed consent was obtained. After macroscopic inspection by the pathologist, sections of tumor and normal tissue were frozen in liquid nitrogen and store at −80 °C until further processing. A section of the tissue was formalin fixed and embedded in paraffin (FFPE) to confirm pathological diagnosis, as well as to assess tumor cell content and grade by hematoxylin eosin (H&E) staining. Only samples with tumor content values >60% were further analyzed. Blood samples were centrifuged to separate and isolate buffy and plasma components. Additionally, one hundred consecutive FFPE specimens with adjuvant surgical resection (2012–2016) were convenient collected at Anatomic Pathology Department of FUCAM fulfilling the inclusion criteria described above. Tumor specimens were evaluated by a pathologist to determine their histotype and evaluate cellularity, to then macrodisected the most enriched area with tumoral cells (>60% of tumor cells). The clinical characteristics of the HM in-house-profiled samples are shown in Supplementary Data 1. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics and Research committees of the National Institute of Genomic Medicine and FUCAM Institute in Mexico City (CE2009/11). All the studies were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Immunohistochemistry To compare associations of the oncogenic alterations between datasets and intrinsic subtypes a Fisher exact test was performed, using the fisher.multcomp function on R, and p-values were controlled for false-discovery rate with the Benjamini & Hochberg method and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was computed with SAS University Edition Statistical. Two-tailed Kruskal–Wallis or Wilcoxon test were applied to define statistical differences between the conditions evaluated on continuous variables. Statistical significance was set as p = < 0.05. Reporting summary