Cubero, J. I. & Suso, M. J. Primitive and modern forms of Vicia faba. Kulturpflanze 29, 137–145 (1981). Alongside perceived health benefits, environmental concerns over the impact of animal production on climate is one of the major drivers of the plant-based boom. And there are some serious red flags over the environmental impact of soy cultivation, researchers from the University of Copenhagen's Department of Food Science have warned. To identify PPO homologues in Hedin/2 and Tiffany proteomes, the protein sequence from the pea PPO1/Pl gene ( Psat1g206360) was used as a BLAST v2.12.0 query. Multiple sequence alignment of PPO protein sequences was performed using Clustal Omega v1.2.4. The evolutionary history was inferred using the maximum likelihood method and JTT matrix-based model as implemented in MEGA X with 100 bootstrap replicates. The complete PPO regions (from the beginning of the first to the end of the last PPO gene and 10,000 bp flanking sequences on both sides) were extracted and aligned using minimap2 v2.24-r1122. Then, 20,000 bp downstream and upstream from the transcription start of PPO-2 were extracted and similarity between sequences was visualized using FlexiDot v1.06 (ref. 114). Gene expression analysis Roach, M. J., Schmidt, S. A. & Borneman, A. R. Purge Haplotigs: allelic contig reassignment for third-gen diploid genome assemblies. BMC Bioinformatics 19, 460 (2018). Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Doležel, J., Greilhuber, J. & Suda, J. Estimation of nuclear DNA content in plants using flow cytometry. Nat. Protoc. 2, 2233–2244 (2007). Plant Genome and Systems Biology (PGSB), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany Fig. 6 Effect of (a) heat treatment (90 °C for 30 min), and (b) 1 wt% salt addition on the visual appearance of various commercial protein-stabilized emulsions at pH 2 and pH 7. See Table 1 for sample identification.

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N. Leyva-Lopez, N. Vasco, A. Barba de la Rosa and O. Paredes-Lopez, Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 1995, 47, 49–53 CrossRef CAS PubMed . Viscosity = 0.00731 × WHC × IF 0.5 + 1.73 × 10 −8 × WHC 2 × OHC 2 × IF 0.5 + 0.00289 × S × IT 0.5 + 3.3194 Folate is critical for creating cells and organs. An expecting mother needs additional folate from foods and supplements to reduce the risk of neural tube defects, or issues with the development of her infant’s brain and spinal cord ( 8, 9). Wang, Y. et al. MCScanX: a toolkit for detection and evolutionary analysis of gene synteny and collinearity. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, e49 (2012). Whether the use of glyphosate poses a health risk is much debated. In 2015, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) cancer agency, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), issued a report concluding that glyphosate is ‘probably carcinogenic to humans’. Subsequent studies by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) have concluded that there is not enough evidence to support the link between glyphosate and cancer risk.

Exhibits a lower overall flavor, less bitter taste, reduced raw plant flavor and less chalky/powdery texture Lyu, J. I. et al. Unraveling the complexity of faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) transcriptome to reveal cold-stress-responsive genes using long-read isoform sequencing technology. Sci. Rep. 11, 21094 (2021). Brenet, F. et al. DNA methylation of the first exon is tightly linked to transcriptional silencing. PLoS ONE 6, e14524 (2011). While these results are promising, more research is needed. Keep in mind that even though fava beans are rich in L-dopa, they should not be used in place of medications. Summary

K. Demetriades, J. N. Coupland and D. J. McClements, J. Food Sci., 1997, 62, 342–347 CrossRef CAS . Monat, C. et al. TRITEX: chromosome-scale sequence assembly of Triticeae genomes with open-source tools. Genome Biol. 20, 284 (2019).

Doležel, J., Sgorbati, S. & Lucretti, S. Comparison of three DNA fluorochromes for flow cytometric estimation of nuclear DNA content in plants. Physiol. Plant. 85, 625–631 (1992). Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Ellinghaus, D., Kurtz, S. & Willhoeft, U. LTRharvest, an efficient and flexible software for de novo detection of LTR retrotransposons. BMC Bioinformatics 9, 18 (2008). Comparison of Faba Bean Protein Ingredients Produced Using Dry Fractionation and Isoelectric Precipitation: Techno-Functional, Nutritional and Environmental Performance'​ Vondrak, T. et al. Characterization of repeat arrays in ultra‐long nanopore reads reveals frequent origin of satellite DNA from retrotransposon‐derived tandem repeats. Plant J. 101, 484–500 (2020).

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But behind beef, soy is the second largest agricultural driver of deforestation worldwide according to the WWF. In total, the area of land in South America devoted to soy grew from 42 million acres in 1990 to 114 million acres in 2010, mainly on land converted from natural ecosystems. M. Najafzadeh and M. Zeinolabedini, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2018, 25, 22931–22943 CrossRef PubMed . Note that some brands label their products as fava bean protein, others as faba bean protein. For consistency, we’ll use fava bean in this article (unless mentioning a specific product that is labelled otherwise). Benefits of Fava Bean Protein Powder