Michelacci YM, Dietrich CP (1975) A comparative study between a chondroitinase B and a chondroitinase AC from Flavobacterium heparinum: Isolation of a chondroitinase AC-susceptible dodecasaccharide from chondroitin sulphate B. Biochem J 151: 121–129. pmid:2158

I screamed and yelled, “harder, harder”. The words were only in my head as it was only an indistinctive mumble for him but he understood every word. Thrusting ever harder, he made me orgasm in a way that made my whole body shake.

StatPearls [Internet].

Heparan sulfate also plays a key role in cellular growth factor signaling. One example of this role involves the interaction of heparan sulfate with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). Heparan sulfate facilitates the formation of FGF-FGFR complexes, resulting in a signaling cascade that leads to cellular proliferation. The degree of sulfation of heparan sulfate influences the formation of these complexes. For example, the proliferation of melanoma cells gets stimulated by the action of highly sulfated heparan sulfate on FGF. [1]

Silva ME, Dietrich CP (1974) Isolation and partial characterization of three induced enzymes from Flavobacterium heparinum involved in the degradation of heparin and heparitin sulfates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 56: 965–972. pmid:4826471

Citation: Coulson-Thomas YM, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Norton AL, Gesteira TF, Cavalheiro RP, Meneghetti MCZ, et al. (2015) The Identification of Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Archaeological Human Bones and Teeth. PLoS ONE 10(6): Mucopolysaccharidoses comprise a group of rare genetic diseases characterized by a deficiency of lysosomal enzymes required for the metabolism of GAGs. [8] This deficit results in lysosomal accumulation of GAG intermediates that eventually leads to cellular dysfunction and death. Mucopolysaccharidoses manifest with variable symptoms depending on the dysfunctional enzyme and associated expression of affected GAG metabolism in organ systems. Kjellen L, Lindahl U (1991) Proteoglycans: structures and interactions. Annu Rev Biochem 60: 443–475. pmid:1883201 Iozzo RV (1997) The family of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans: key regulators of matrix assembly and cellular growth. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 32: 141–174. pmid:9145286

Wendel M, Sommarin Y, Heinegard D (1998) Bone matrix proteins: isolation and characterization of a novel cell-binding keratan sulfate proteoglycan (osteoadherin) from bovine bone. J Cell Biol 141: 839–847. pmid:9566981 For advanced users, there is a sea of options. From beginner to expert ones, you will have options for any play you want. Some examples of advanced ball gags are: Immunohistochemistry results also showed positive labeling for a cell surface HSPG, glypican-1, although there was less staining for glypican-1 than for the two SLRPs, decorin and biglycan. However, the GAGs isolated from the archaeological human bone samples did not include HS. The glypican-1 antibody used binds to the protein core and therefore the protein core would have been detected in the immunohistochemistry assays. In intact cells, glypican is linked to the cell membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkages; however, considering that cells are no longer present in archaeological bones, the glypican-1 protein core, or fragments thereof, would have become attached to the ECM during cell death. Fibromodulin, a SLRP with KS substitutions, was also detected by immunohistochemistry. The fibromodulin antibody used binds to the protein core, and therefore the protein core would have been detected in the immunohistochemistry assays. KS was not detected in our study but has previously been described in human bone [ 60]. Furthermore, the unidentified electrophoretic band migrating in line with HS which was not susceptible to digestion with heparin lyase II or Flavobacterium heparinum extract could still prove to be KS in future experiments. Fig 2. Electrophoresis in PDA buffer of glycosaminoglycans extracted from archaeological bones and degraded with glycosaminoglycan-specific enzymes. Rees SG, Hughes W, Embery G (2002) Interaction of glucuronic acid and iduronic acid-rich glycosaminoglycans and their modified forms with hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 23: 481–489. pmid:11761169Igwe JC, Gao Q, Kizivat T, Kao WW, Kalajzic I (2011) Keratocan is expressed by osteoblasts and can modulate osteogenic differentiation. Connect Tissue Res 52: 401–407. pmid:21405980 Hameetman L, David G, Yavas A, White SJ, Taminiau AH, et al. (2007) Decreased EXT expression and intracellular accumulation of heparan sulphate proteoglycan in osteochondromas and peripheral chondrosarcomas. J Pathol 211: 399–409. pmid:17226760 Schmidt-Schultz TH, Schultz M (2004) Bone protects proteins over thousands of years: extraction, analysis, and interpretation of extracellular matrix proteins in archeological skeletal remains. Am J Phys Anthropol 123: 30–39. pmid:14669234 PGs are macromolecules comprised of one or more GAG chains covalently bound to a protein core [ 11]. GAGs are linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units which consist of a hexosamine and either hexuronic acid or galactose units, and may be sulfated in various positions. The strategic variability in sulfate substitution results in considerable sequence heterogeneity which conveys the plethora of biological roles GAGs play in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. GAGs are classified into six groups: chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate (C4S, C6S), keratan sulfate (KS), hyaluronic acid (HA), dermatan sulfate (DS), heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). Passerotti CC, Bonfim A, Martins JR, Dall'Oglio MF, Sampaio LO, et al. (2006) Urinary hyaluronan as a marker for the presence of residual transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol 49: 71–75. pmid:16310928