Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Qian W, Gao Y . Irrigation in endodontics. Dent Clin North Am 2010; 54: 291–312. Jiang L M, Lak B, Eijsvogels L M, Wesselink P, van der Sluis L W . Comparison of the cleaning efficacy of different final irrigation techniques. J Endod 2012; 38: 838–841. Huang T Y, Gulabivala K, Ng Y L . A bio-molecular film ex-vivo model to evaluate the influence of canal dimensions and irrigation variables on the efficacy of irrigation. Int Endod J 2008; 41: 60–71. Byström A, Sundqvist G . The antibacterial action of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA in 60 cases of endodontic therapy. Int Endod J 1985; 18: 35–40. Spangberg L, Engstrom B, Langeland K . Biologic effects of dental materials. 3. Toxicity and antimicrobial effect of endodontic antiseptics in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973; 36: 856–871.

Palazzi F, Morra M, Mohammadi Z, Grandini S, Giardino L . Comparison of the surface tension of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution with three new sodium hypochlorite-based endodontic irrigants. Int Endod J 2012; 45: 129–135.Torabinejad M, Cho Y, Khademi A A, Bakland L K, Shabahang S . The effect of various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on the ability of MTAD to remove the smear layer. J Endod 2003; 29: 233–239. Gu L S, Kim J R, Ling J, Choi K K, Pashley D H, Tay F R . Review of contemporary irrigant agitation techniques and devices. J Endod 2009; 35: 791–804.

Park E, Shen Y, Khakpour M, Haapasalo M . Apical pressure and extent of irrigant flow beyond the needle tip during positive-pressure irrigation in an in vitro root canal model. J Endod 2013; 39: 511–515. Johnson M, Sidow S J, Looney S W, Lindsey K, Niu L N, Tay F R . Canal and isthmus debridement efficacy using a sonic irrigation technique in a closed-canal system. J Endod 2012; 38: 1265–1268.

How To Flush Wisdom Teeth Sockets

Ates M, Akdeniz B G, Sen B H . The effect of calcium chelating or binding agents on Candida albicans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005; 100: 626–630. Baumgartner J C, Mader C L . A scanning electron microscopic evaluation of four root canal irrigation regimens. J Endod 1987; 13: 147–157. Shaker L A, Dancer B N, Russell A D et al. Emergence and development of chlorhexidine resistance during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis 168. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988; 51: 73–76. Ma J, Wang Z, Shen Y, Haapasalo M . A new noninvasive model to study the effectiveness of dentin disinfection by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Endod 2011; 37: 1380–1385.

Sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in dentinal tubules: effect of concentration, temperature, and exposure time Our dental irrigation syringe is also easy to handle, with a comfortable grip that makes it easy to maneuver during procedures. It is available in a range of sizes to accommodate different dental needs and can be customized with various features to suit specific practice requirements. Vahdaty A, Pitt Ford T R, Wilson R F . Efficacy of chlorhexidine in disinfecting dentinal tubules in vitro. Endod Dent Traumatol 1993; 9: 243–248. Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças I N, Favieri A, Lima K C . Chemomechanical reduction of the bacterial population in the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. J Endod 2000; 26: 331–334. Mancini M, Cerroni L, Iorio L, Armellin E, Conte G, Cianconi L . Smear layer removal and canal cleanliness using different irrigation systems (EndoActivator, EndoVac, and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation): Field emission scanning electron microscopic evaluation in an in vitro study. J Endod 2013; 39: 1456–1460.

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Gomes B P, Ferraz C C, Vianna M E, Berber V B, Teixeira F B, Souza-Filho F J. In vitro antimicrobial activity of several concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J 2001; 34: 424–428. Jeansonne M J, White R R . A comparison of 2.0% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as antimicrobial endodontic irrigants. J Endod 1994; 20: 276–278. Shen Y, Qian W, Chung C, Olsen I, Haapasalo M . Evaluation of the effect of two chlorhexidine preparations on biofilm bacteria in vitro: a three-dimensional quantitative analysis. J Endod 2009; 35: 981–985. Malentacca A, Uccioli U, Zangari D, Lajolo C, Fabiani C . Efficacy and safety of various active irrigation devices when used with either positive or negative pressure: an in vitro study. J Endod 2012; 38: 1622–1626. Qian W, Shen Y, Haapasalo M . Quantitative analysis of the effect of irrigant solution sequences on dentin erosion. J Endod 2011; 37: 1437–1441.

To insert the curved tip into the extraction hole, fill the syringe with warm tap water and press the liquid out slowly with a sharp knife. Each lower extraction area should be given one full syringe. It may take a few days for the area to be completely clear of debris.Stojicic S, Zivkovic S, Qian W, Zhang H, Haapasalo M . Tissue dissolution by sodium hypochlorite: effect of concentration, temperature, agitation, and surfactant. J Endod 2010; 36: 1558–1562. Marchesan M A, Pasternak Junior B, Afonso M M, Sousa-Neto M D, Paschoalato C . Chemical analysis of the flocculate formed by the association of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 103: 103–105. Haapasalo M, Qian W, Shen Y . Irrigation: beyond the smear layer. Endodontic Topics 2012; 27: 35–53. Although many bacteria may be killed by CHX, it cannot dissolve the biofilm or other organic debris. Residual organic tissue is likely to weaken the quality of the seal by the permanent root filling, necessitating the use of NaOCl as the main irrigant during instrumentation. On the positive side, CHX as the final rinse after EDTA does not cause erosion of dentine as NaOCl does; therefore 2% CHX may be considered for irrigation after the smear layer is removed. 58