Eparkhos and Diplovatatzes, two refugees whose accounts has become garbled through multiple translations a b c Ivanović, Miloš (2019). "Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure". The Hungarian Historical Review. 8 (2): 390–410. ISSN 2063-8647. JSTOR 26902328. Madden, Thomas (2005). Crusades: The Illustrated History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-472-11463-4. After ruling for more than 600 years, the Ottoman Turks are often remembered for their powerful military, ethnic diversity, artistic ventures, religious tolerance and architectural marvels. Masters, Bruce (2009). "Millet". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts On File. pp. 383–384. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1.

Although absolute in theory and in principle, the sultan's powers were limited in practice. Political decisions had to take into account the opinions and attitudes of important members of the dynasty, the bureaucratic and military establishments, as well as religious leaders. [7] Beginning in the last decades of the sixteenth century, the role of the Ottoman sultans in the government of the empire began to decrease, in a period known as the Transformation of the Ottoman Empire. Despite being barred from inheriting the throne, [12] women of the imperial harem—especially the reigning sultan's mother, known as the valide sultan—also played an important behind-the-scenes political role, effectively ruling the empire during the period known as the Sultanate of Women. [13]

In May 1919, the allies allowed Greece to seize Izmir (or Smyrna) and its hinterland – ancient Greek territory, but also the main imperial port on the Aegean. The following year, under the Treaty of Sèvres, the sultan would accept various other expropriations, including the principle of new breakaway Armenian and Kurdish states in eastern Anatolia. In disgust at these shameful concessions, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a senior commander, resigned from the Ottoman army in the summer of 1919, and began an organised military and political campaign to oust foreigners from Anatolia. Reluctantly allowed the First Constitutional Era on 23 November 1876 and then suspended it on 13 February 1878. Yet the Empire's fateful decision to support Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1914 doomed it to disaster, breaking it up into a series of European colonies and what emerged as an independent Saudi Arabia. This is a tremendously thought provoking and interesting book. Although I wouldn't boast of having read much directly on this subject, Prof. Gingeras along with Sean McMeekin's 'The Ottoman End Game' are best works in English on this subject, I have read other books on the history of the middle east so had some knowle Beg, Tursun (1978). The History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Inalcik, Halil; Murphey, Rhoads. Chicago: Biblioteca Islamica.

Andrews, Walter; Kalpakli, Mehmet (13 January 2005). The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society. Duke University Press. p.2. ISBN 978-0-8223-3424-8. Some people who are familiar with the history of stories about sex and love will recognize close parallels to the story of Saint Pelagius, the thirteen-year- old Christian martyr of the early tenth century, said to have been a beautiful and pious youth, who was tortured and dismembered by the Cordoban caliph 'Abdu'r-Rahman III when he refused the caliph's sexual advances." It is easy to see how it could have seemed meaningful and hopeful to a Greek mourning lost Byzantium to reference the cult of Saint Pelagius, which for centuries provided spiritual energy to the Spanish Reconquista. Thus, although it is likely that Doukas's tale owes more to Saint Pelagius and a long history of attempts to portray Muslims as morally inferior than to anything that actually happened during the conquest of Constantinople/Istanbul... Saving the Third Rome. "Fall of the Empire", Byzantium and Putin's Russia". IWM. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2016.Nadia Maria El-Cheikh (2004). Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs. Harvard CMES. ISBN 978-0-932885-30-2– via Google Books. Room, Adrian, (1993), Place Name changes 1900–1991, (Metuchen, N.J., & London:The Scarecrow Press, Inc.), ISBN 0-8108-2600-3 pp. 46, 86. Lanning, Michael Lee (2005). The Battle 100: The Stories Behind History's Most Influential Battles. Sourcebooks, Inc. ISBN 1-4022-2475-3.