Phil Mollon claims that Freud was ahead of his time and that the new findings on false memory syndrome confirm the claims Freud made a century ago about imaginary memories. [71] On the other hand, in addition to Elizabeth Loftus, several reputable modern psychologists and psychiatrists, including Ulric Neisser, Julia Shaw and Daniel Schacter agree that human memory is usually not true to the facts. [72] [73] However, in the ‘70s, Loftus did research into schemas with standardised procedures and experimental controls. She found schemas about car crashes made some participants falsely remember broken glass. Loftus followed standardised procedures that are easily replicated. Following the publication of these studies, armed guards accompanied Loftus at lectures. [7] : Part IV Also, Loftus had previously received death threats after the publication of her 1994 book The Myth of Repressed Memory. [17] : 1 The same year, Loftus received an In Praise of Reason award from the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. [18]

Using your knowledge of psychology, explain why your recall of the event might differ from others who saw the same incident. (4 marks) In 1990, George Franklin was on trial for murdering a young girl 20 years prior. The prosecution's evidence included eyewitness testimony from Franklin's daughter that she had witnessed the murder, based on a recovered memory which was unearthed during a therapy session a year before the trial. [7] The defense attorney had a theory that the daughter had never seen the crime and that the testimony was based on a false memory. Loftus was employed by the attorney to provide expert testimony in support of this theory. Loftus referred to an experiment where she showed people video of a crime and then an incorrect television news report about the crime. Afterwards, the viewers had mixed up some events from the original video with those in the news report. Loftus argued that the same must have happened to Franklin's daughter, causing a "memory" of an event that she hadn't witnessed. [7] What do you think? We wish to take you along. We are going up the river to make war on the people."By 2001, Loftus had become disappointed with the University of Washington's unwillingness to stand by her during the controversy involving the Jane Doe case, and she left the university. [7] [17] The same year, Loftus received a William James Fellow Award from the Association for Psychological Science. [23] [28] Loftus has testified in over 300 cases, [75] and consulted on many more. [1] [7] Her legal cases include: The idea of schemas has been supported in a lot of studies since the 1930s. Loftus carried out a range of lab experiments into reconstructive memory, all of which had tight experimental controls, standardised procedures and collected quantitative data, making them quite objective and reliable. A criticism of Reconstructive Memory compared to the other theories is that it doesn’t explain how memory is reconstructed. The other cognitive theories of memory describe the processesat work in rehearsing, retrieving and recalling. These processes have been linked to specific parts of the brain thanks to brain scanning and research on patients with lesions in specific parts of the brain. Reconstructive Memory is much more vague about how schemas work and where they are located.

The State of NH v. Joel Hungerford, The State of NH v. John A. Morahan". www.law.justia.com . Retrieved February 12, 2022.

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Robert Durst's 2020 trial for murder: Loftus testified for the defense regarding the killing of Susan Berman. [76] The idea of schemas helps us understand some things about patients with memory loss like Clive Wearing or people in the early stages of dementia. Though they may be confused by their amnesia, they might still remember important schemas and this could be used to calm and focus them. For example, Clive Wearing still loved his wife and loved music, which he could still play. Validation Therapy involves “going along” with delusional ideas so as not to cause distress when a patient’s schemas conflict with the real world. It shows how scientific research proceeds, because Bartlett’s fairly unscientific research in the 1930s was improved upon by Loftus, who mounted much more rigorous lab experiments in the ‘70s and ‘80s. Loftus was employed at the University of Washington from 1973 to 2001, initially as an assistant professor. She shifted from laboratory work to using "real world" situations of criminal court cases. [1] [7] : Part II Richard McNally argues that forgetting of childhood abuse events can be explained by other factors such as ordinary forgetting or nondisclosure and that the theory of a motivational mechanism for forgetting (repression) is unnecessary. [63]

Harvey Weinstein's 2020 trial for rape and sexual assault: Loftus testified for the defense during Weinstein's trial for sexual assault of two women. [75]

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Loftus can’t hide his admiration for the protagonists in his films who have been “willing to risk so much” just to have their stories told and to counter the propaganda from the mainstream media. “They felt speaking up was the most powerful recourse available to them. When you speak up, it disempowers the regime that wants to silence you…speaking up does make a difference.” A 4-mark “apply” question awards 4 marks for AO2 (Application) and gives you a piece of stimulus material.

Center for Psychology and Law Faculty". University of California, Irvine. n.d. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012 . Retrieved June 12, 2012. Drawing on Rush and Masson, Susie Orbach argues that Freud replaced his theory of seduction and childhood sexual trauma with the theory of the Oedipus complex. Freud changed his views and decided that his patients' memories of sexual abuse were actually imaginary, neurotic fantasies of unrealized events and Oedipal wishes. [68] This change in Freudian theory was criticized by Sandor Ferenczi and John Bowlby among other mental health specialists. [69] [70] The early study by Bartlett was not at all scientific. Bartlett did not follow standardised procedures, getting his students to reproduce the story as-and-when. He had no scoring system for measuring changes in recall other than counting the number of words. This makes his research conclusions subjective. Loftus & Palmer tested participants again a week later, asking them if there was any broken glass in the film clip. In fact there had been no broken glass. This was falsely recalled by 12% of the Control group (who had never been asked about the speed of the cars) and 14% of the “ hit” group; however, 32% of the “ smashed”group falsely recalled broken glass.Orr, M. (1998). False memory syndrome movements: the origins and the promoters. In: V. Sinason (Ed.), Memory in dispute (pp. 79-94). Karnac Books. Reconstructive memory is similar to Tulving’s idea of semantic LTM. Schemas seem to be semantic stores and Tulving suggests that semantic memory can cause episodic memories to change, which is exactly what schemas do. The two theories are more valid since they support each other. In 1991 there were several high-profile court cases of people having recovered memories of having been molested by their parents, which gained Loftus's attention. [7] She read through several then-current psychology books (The Courage to Heal) [ which?] which instructed women and therapists in methods of recovering "lost" memories of sexual abuse, and urging therapists to query their clients about childhood incest. [7] :Part IV Also in 1991, Loftus was deemed an honorary fellow of the British Psychological Society. [13]