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Frouz, J; Jílková, V (2008). "The effect of ants on soil properties and processes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Myrmecological News. 1: 191–199.

Clay RE, Andersen AN (1996). "Ant fauna of a mangrove community in the Australian seasonal tropics, with particular reference to zonation". Australian Journal of Zoology. 44 (5): 521–533. doi: 10.1071/ZO9960521. Our dataset represents a massive collecting effort of thousands of scientists. We were then able to extrapolate the number of ants for different regions of the world and estimate their total global number and biomass,” Schultheiss said. Most ants are generalist predators, scavengers, and indirect herbivores, [15] but a few have evolved specialised ways of obtaining nutrition. It is believed that many ant species that engage in indirect herbivory rely on specialized symbiosis with their gut microbes [117] to upgrade the nutritional value of the food they collect [118] and allow them to survive in nitrogen poor regions, such as rainforest canopies. [119] Leafcutter ants ( Atta and Acromyrmex) feed exclusively on a fungus that grows only within their colonies. They continually collect leaves which are taken to the colony, cut into tiny pieces and placed in fungal gardens. Ergates specialise in related tasks according to their sizes. The largest ants cut stalks, smaller workers chew the leaves and the smallest tend the fungus. Leafcutter ants are sensitive enough to recognise the reaction of the fungus to different plant material, apparently detecting chemical signals from the fungus. If a particular type of leaf is found to be toxic to the fungus, the colony will no longer collect it. The ants feed on structures produced by the fungi called gongylidia. Symbiotic bacteria on the exterior surface of the ants produce antibiotics that kill bacteria introduced into the nest that may harm the fungi. [120] Navigation An ant trail Schmidt JO, Blum MS, Overal WL (1983). "Hemolytic activities of stinging insect venoms". Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 1 (2): 155–160. doi: 10.1002/arch.940010205.

Cruz-Labana, J. D.; Tarango-Arámbula, L. A.; Alcántara-Carbajal, J. L.; Pimentel-López, J.; Ugalde-Lezama, S.; Ramírez-Valverde, G.; Méndez-Gallegos, S. J. (2014). "Habitat use by the "Escamolera" ant (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr) in central Mexico". Agrociencia. 48 (6): 569–582. ISSN 1405-3195. Ants form colonies that range in size from a few dozen predatory individuals living in small natural cavities to highly organised colonies that may occupy large territories and consist of millions of individuals. Larger colonies consist of various castes of sterile, wingless females, most of which are workers (ergates), as well as soldiers (dinergates) and other specialised groups. Nearly all ant colonies also have some fertile males called "drones" and one or more fertile females called " queens" ( gynes). The colonies are described as superorganisms because the ants appear to operate as a unified entity, collectively working together to support the colony. When their nests are disturbed, carpenter ants bite in defense and spray a chemical of formic acid. DeFoliart GR (1999). "Insects as food: why the western attitude is important". Annual Review of Entomology. 44: 21–50. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.21. PMID 9990715. Ants eat different kinds of foods depending on the type of ant, including sweet sugary foods or fatty oily foods.

Sommer S, Wehner R (January 2004). "The ant's estimation of distance travelled: experiments with desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis" (PDF). Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 190 (1): 1–6. doi: 10.1007/s00359-003-0465-4. PMID 14614570. S2CID 23280914. Chapman RE, Bourke AF (2001). "The influence of sociality on the conservation biology of social insects". Ecology Letters. 4 (6): 650–662. doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00253.x. Excellence in Software Awards Winners". Software & Information Industry Association. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 April 2008.

The Ant World Kit is a present for all insect lovers…. Discover the fascinating life of ants in an ideal environment. Watch the ants build tunnels, keep their home tidy and feed each other. Study chemo-communication and ant Morse code. Yamauchi K, Kawase N (1992). "Pheromonal manipulation of workers by a fighting male to kill his rival males in the ant Cardiocondyla wroughtonii". Naturwissenschaften. 79 (6): 274–276. Bibcode: 1992NW.....79..274Y. doi: 10.1007/BF01175395. S2CID 31191187. DeVries PJ (1992). "Singing caterpillars, ants and symbiosis". Scientific American. 267 (4): 76–82. Bibcode: 1992SciAm.267d..76D. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican1092-76. Katayama N, Suzuki N (2004). "Role of extrafloral nectaries of Vicia faba in attraction of ants and herbivore exclusion by ants". Entomological Science. 7 (2): 119–124. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-8298.2004.00057.x. hdl: 10252/00005880. S2CID 85428729.Sapolsky RM (2001). A Primate's Memoir: A Neuroscientist's Unconventional Life Among the Baboons. Simon and Schuster. pp. 156. ISBN 978-0-7432-0241-1.