Fuentes S, Jones RA, Matsuoka H, Ohshima K, Kreuze J, Gibbs AJ (July 2019). "Potato virus Y; the Andean connection". Virus Evolution. 5 (2): vez037. doi: 10.1093/ve/vez037. PMC 6755682. PMID 31559020. Furthermore, the result from regression analysissuggested thatsocial media and spreading panic about the COVID-19 pandemic have a substantial positive correlation. According to the study, respondents have a problem with social media dependency, being unable to distinguish which material on social media is trustworthy, and which is fake news and rumors about the COVID-19 epidemic. Fear, panic, anxiety, and despair are all increased in respondents because of these activities. Han Q, Lin Q, Jin S, You L (April 2020). "Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: A brief perspective from the front line". The Journal of Infection. 80 (4): 373–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.010. PMC 7102581. PMID 32109444. Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, Chen H, Mao Y, Chen S, Wang Y, Fu H, Dai J. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15:e0231924. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231924. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar]

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Pre-pandemic discourse

Klein E, Kis LL, Klein G (February 2007). "Epstein-Barr virus infection in humans: from harmless to life endangering virus-lymphocyte interactions". Oncogene. 26 (9): 1297–305. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210240. PMID 17322915. Because the determination of cell death and viability is different between adherent and suspension cells, cytopathic effect (CPE, in %) was documented for BHK179 cells, while cell number and cell viability were assessed for BHK-2P cells. Cell death in suspension cell culture cannot be visually evaluated under a microscope and therefore determination of cell viability is necessary. Additionally, the cell density of an infected culture is compared to an equally seeded negative culture to account for the rapid growth of a healthy suspension culture. Cell numbers and cell viability have been determined by trypan blue staining with an automated cell counter (TC20™, Bio-Rad). Determination of viral yield Changes to the viral genome sequence during passaging in an adherent and a suspension cell culture system were compared and the impact of amino acid substitutions on receptor tropism, antigenicity and particle stability was examined. Virus production in suspension cells in animal-component-free media and in serum-containing media as well as in adherent cells in serum-containing media was compared. Infection kinetics were determined and the yield of intact viral particles was estimated in all systems using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Results Falade-Nwulia O, Suarez-Cuervo C, Nelson DR, Fried MW, Segal JB, Sulkowski MS (May 2017). "Oral Direct-Acting Agent Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Systematic Review". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (9): 637–48. doi: 10.7326/M16-2575. PMC 5486987. PMID 28319996.

Suspension culture of BHK cells allows large-scale virus propagation and cost-efficient vaccine production, while the shift to animal-component-free cell culture media without serum is beneficial for the quality and downstream processing of the product. Foot-and-mouth disease virus is still endemic in many parts of the world and high-quality vaccines are essential for the eradication of this highly contagious and economically devastating disease. Methods Hepatitis C is caused by an RNA virus. In 80% of people infected, the disease is chronic, and without treatment, they are infected for the remainder of their lives. There are effective treatments that use direct-acting antivirals. [210] The treatment of chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus has also been developed by using similar strategies that include lamivudine and other anti-viral drugs. [211] Infection in other species Pettersen EF, Goddard TD, Huang CC, Couch GS, Greenblatt DM, Meng EC, Ferrin TE. UCSF chimera--a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput Chem. 2004;25:1605–12. Tanaka, Y. Hipolito, C. J., Maturana, A. D., Ito K., Kuroda T., Higuchi T., Katoh T., Kato H.E., Hattori M., Kumazaki K. (2020). End coronavirus stigma now. [ PubMed] Virus infection kinetics were performed to compare the pace of viral growth and the overall yield, estimated by endpoint titration, in adherent and suspension BHK cells in serum-containing growth medium and animal-component-free-growth medium. The progression of cell death together with the viral titer was documented to find the best time point for virus harvest in the different cell media systems.

Pandemic is just a word

Straus SK, Bo HE (2018). "Filamentous Bacteriophage Proteins and Assembly". Virus Protein and Nucleoprotein Complexes. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol.88. pp.261–79. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-8456-0_12. ISBN 978-981-10-8455-3. PMID 29900501.

Hou F, Bi F, Jiao R, Luo D, Song K. Gender differences of depression and anxiety among social media users during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20:1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09738-7. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] It has already been shown that adherent BHK cells offer a limited range of surface molecules such as integrins that can be utilized as receptors by FMDV, and BHK cells in suspension culture often have none at all [ 34]. For this reason, there is a selective pressure in favor of alternative entry mechanisms for the virus. The observed differences between the serotypes may indicate that FMDV type A is more malleable or has a higher mutation rate, resulting in a more variable adaption to different BHK cell lines. Conversely, FMDV serotype O may have a preference for certain mutations that result in a more universal outcome of adaption. This hypothesis is supported by a recently published study by Anil and colleagues, which also showed different mutations occurring in an FMDV serotype A strain depending on passaging in suspension or monolayer BHK cells [ 44].Johnson NP, Mueller J (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 76 (1): 105–15. doi: 10.1353/bhm.2002.0022. PMID 11875246. S2CID 22974230. Radwan, E., Radwan, A., Radwan, W., & Pandey, D. (2021). Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study among Palestinian students (10–18 years). BMC psychology, 9(1), 1–12. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] Shelford EJ, Suttle CA (2018). "Virus-mediated transfer of nitrogen from heterotrophic bacteria to phytoplankton". Biogeosciences. 15 (3): 809–15. Bibcode: 2018BGeo...15..809S. doi: 10.5194/bg-15-809-2018.