This guidance is for local authority inspectors in England. You should read it alongside the Animal Welfare (Licensing of Activities Involving Animals) (England) Regulations 2018. An intermediate use is as draft animals, harnessed singly or in teams, to pull sleds, wheeled vehicles or ploughs. If no accredited training course exists that is appropriate to the activity, then other evidence of training must be provided, such as, industry generated courses.

Studies have indicated that horses perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and identification of individuals within a social system. They also have good spatial discrimination abilities. [96] They are naturally curious and apt to investigate things they have not seen before. [97] Studies have assessed equine intelligence in areas such as problem solving, speed of learning, and memory. Horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to use more advanced cognitive abilities that involve categorization and concept learning. They can learn using habituation, desensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, and positive and negative reinforcement. [96] One study has indicated that horses can differentiate between "more or less" if the quantity involved is less than four. [98] All areas, equipment and appliances that animals can access must present minimal risks of injury, illness and escape. FAO Stat– Live Animals". Food and Agriculture Organization. December 16, 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-01-19 . Retrieved 2010-02-05.Horses are mammals, and as such are warm-blooded, or endothermic creatures, as opposed to cold-blooded, or poikilothermic animals. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine terminology, used to describe temperament, not body temperature. For example, the " hot-bloods", such as many race horses, exhibit more sensitivity and energy, [100] while the "cold-bloods", such as most draft breeds, are quieter and calmer. [101] Sometimes "hot-bloods" are classified as "light horses" or "riding horses", [102] with the "cold-bloods" classified as "draft horses" or "work horses". [103] Illustration of assorted breeds; slim, light hotbloods, medium-sized warmbloods and draft and pony-type coldblood breeds

Olsen, Sandra L. "Horses in Prehistory". Anthropology Research. Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-16. Fear, Sally (2006). New Forest Drift: A Photographic Portrait of Life in the National Park. Perspective Photo Press. p.75. ISBN 978-0-9553253-0-4. Fuess, Theresa A. "Yes, The Shin Bone Is Connected to the Ankle Bone". Pet Column. University of Illinois. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006 . Retrieved 2008-04-05. The Przewalski's horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii), named after the Russian explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky, is a rare Asian animal. It is also known as the Mongolian wild horse; Mongolian people know it as the taki, and the Kyrgyz people call it a kirtag. The subspecies was presumed extinct in the wild between 1969 and 1992, while a small breeding population survived in zoos around the world. In 1992, it was reestablished in the wild by the conservation efforts of numerous zoos. [136] Today, a small wild breeding population exists in Mongolia. [137] [138] There are additional animals still maintained at zoos throughout the world. Sequenced horse genome expands understanding of equine, human diseases". Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. 2012-08-21. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10 . Retrieved 2013-04-01.Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in a variety of sporting competitions. Examples include show jumping, dressage, three-day eventing, competitive driving, endurance riding, gymkhana, rodeos, and fox hunting. [191] Horse shows, which have their origins in medieval European fairs, are held around the world. They host a huge range of classes, covering all of the mounted and harness disciplines, as well as "In-hand" classes where the horses are led, rather than ridden, to be evaluated on their conformation. The method of judging varies with the discipline, but winning usually depends on style and ability of both horse and rider. [192] a b "Introduction to Coat Color Genetics". Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10 . Retrieved 2008-05-01. Reindeer are used in the Arctic and sub-Arctic Nordic countries and Siberia. During World War II, the Red Army deployed deer transportation battalions on the Eastern Front. [1] In the twenty-first century, Russian soldiers continue to train with reindeer sleds in winter. [2] In traditional festive legend, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve. a b c Clarkson, Neil (2007-04-16). "Understanding horse intelligence". Horsetalk 2007. Horsetalk. Archived from the original on 2013-01-24 . Retrieved 2008-09-16.