Association for Asian Studies. Southeast Conference (1979). Annals, Volumes 1–5. The Conference. p.51 . Retrieved 29 April 2011. a b Hevia, James Louis (2003). "Opium, Empire, and Modern History" (PDF). China Review International. 10 (2): 307–326. doi: 10.1353/cri.2004.0076. ISSN 1527-9367. S2CID 143635262.

Travel Warning – Khas Khas (Poppy Seed) Imprisonment in UAE". Brett M.Christensen. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2018. There is no safe level of drug use. Use of any drug always carries some risk. It’s important to be careful when taking any type of drug.Most illicit heroin is sold as a white or brownish powder and may be "cut" with other substances such as sugar, starch, powdered milk, or quinine. It can also be cut with strychnine or other poisons. United States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Communist china and illicit narcotic traffic. 1955年: United States Government Printing Office. OCLC 6466332. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location ( link)

a b c d PINKE, G; PÁL, R W; TÓTH, K; KARÁCSONY, P; CZÚCZ, B; BOTTA-DUKÁT, Z (16 September 2011). "Weed vegetation of poppy (Papaver somniferum) fields in Hungary: effects of management and environmental factors on species composition". Weed Research. 51 (6): 621–630. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00885.x. ISSN 0043-1737.Initially used by medical practitioners to control bodily fluid and preserve qi or vital force, during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the drug also functioned as an aphrodisiac or chunyao ( 春药) as Xu Boling records in his mid-fifteenth century Yingjing Juan: Traditionally the unripened pod is slit open and the sap seeps out and dries on the outer surface of the pod. The resulting yellow-brown latex, which is scraped off of the pod, is bitter in taste and contains varying amounts of alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine. a b c Gaevskii, A.V. (1999). "On the intraspecies classification of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)". Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal. 33 (3): 32–36. doi: 10.1007/BF02508453. S2CID 9716321. The French Romantic composer Hector Berlioz used opium for inspiration, subsequently producing his Symphonie Fantastique. In this work, a young artist overdoses on opium and experiences a series of visions of his unrequited love. Withdrawal symptoms usually start six to 24 hours after the last dose and can last around seven to ten days. These symptoms are described as flu-like, and can include:

P. E. Caquet, “Notions of Addiction in the Time of the First Opium War.” The Historical Journal 58, no. 4 (2015): 1009–29. doi:10.1017/S0018246X14000739. Opium Tincture ( Paregoric) is a prescription medication in the opioid class, and is classified as a Schedule II or III narctoic. This medication is used to decrease control diarrhea by the reducing the number and frequency of bowel movements. It works by increasing smooth muscle tone and decreasing fluid secretions in the intestines. This slows the movement of bowel matter through the intestines. Heroin abuse BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2014.

Poppy seeds and drug testing

a b Singh, Akanksha; Gupta, Rupali; Saikia, Shilpi K.; Pant, Aakanksha; Pandey, Rakesh (December 2016). "Diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants, their biological impact and management". Plant Genetic Resources. 14 (4): 370–383. doi: 10.1017/S1479262116000307. ISSN 1479-2621. S2CID 88963681. Peter Ward Fay (9 November 2000). The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by which They Forced Her Gates Ajar. University of North Carolina Press. pp.290–. ISBN 978-0-8078-6136-3. Opium is an Oriental-spicy [1] perfume created for fashion brand Yves Saint Laurent (YSL) by perfumer Jean Amic and Jean-Louis Sieuzac of Roure, first marketed in 1977. [2] Its top notes are a mixture of fruit and spices, with mandarin orange, [3] plum, clove, coriander and pepper, [2] as well as bay leaf. [4] Its floral middle notes consist predominantly jasmine, rose and Lily of the Val The Assyrians and the Egyptians also cultivated opium, and it traveled along the Silk Road (a series of travel routes) between Europe and China where it was involved in the beginning of the Opium Wars of the 1800s.