The Christ myth theory claims that Jesus of Nazareth never existed as a historical figure and that his existence was invented by early Christians. This argument currently finds very little support among scholars and historians of all faiths and has been described as pseudohistorical. [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] Hinduism [ edit ] a b c Rabinovitch, Shelley; Lewis, James (2002). The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism. New York City, New York: Kensington Publishing Corporation. pp.32–35. ISBN 0-8065-2407-3. Novikov, S. P. (2000). "Pseudohistory and pseudomathematics: fantasy in our life". Russian Mathematical Surveys. 55 (2): 365–368. Bibcode: 2000RuMaS..55..365N. doi: 10.1070/RM2000v055n02ABEH000287. S2CID 250892348. Herf, Jeffrey (2006). The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during the World War II and the Holocaust. Harvard University Press. p.127. ISBN 978-0-674038-59-2. Richard A. Burridge states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that anymore." in Jesus Now and Then by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (Apr 1, 2004) ISBN 0802809774 p. 34

Fake news is bad. But fake history is even worse | Natalie Fake news is bad. But fake history is even worse | Natalie

Hypothesising the consequences of unlikely events that "could" have happened, thereby assuming tacitly that they did. In the eighth century, a forged document known as Donation of Constantine, which supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope, became widely circulated. [45] In the twelfth century, Geoffrey of Monmouth published the History of the Kings of Britain, a pseudohistorical work purporting to describe the ancient history and origins of the British people. The book synthesises earlier Celtic mythical traditions to inflate the deeds of the mythical King Arthur. The contemporary historian William of Newburgh wrote around 1190 that "it is quite clear that everything this man wrote about Arthur and his successors, or indeed about his predecessors from Vortigern onwards, was made up, partly by himself and partly by others". [46] Historical revisionism [ edit ] a b "The view of matriarchy as constituting a stage of cultural development now is generally discredited. Furthermore, the consensus among modern anthropologists and sociologists is that a strictly matriarchal society never existed." Encyclopædia Britannica (2007), entry Matriarchy.

According to Nails: The History of the Modern Manicure, archaeologists unearthed a solid gold manicure set in southern Babylonia, dating to 3,200 BC, that was apparently part of combat equipment. Given that manicures are now considered – and regularly derided – as a female pastime, this gives the term “war paint” a whole new meaning. The social significance of red nails has been a constant through the ages. They have been reserved for the elite, highlighting nail beds and social inequalities a b Lipstadt, Deborah E. (1994). Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. New York City, New York: Plume. p. 215. ISBN 0-452-27274-2. Johann Heinrich Cohausen, an 18th-century physician, wrote a treatise on the prolongation of life, entitled Hermippus redivivus. Amongst other secrets of longevity, it claimed that life could be prolonged by taking an elixir produced by collecting the breath of young women in bottles. The consensus among academics is that no strictly matriarchal society is known to have existed. [61] [62] Anthropologist Donald Brown's list of human cultural universals ( viz., features shared by nearly all current human societies) includes men being the "dominant element" in public political affairs, [63] which is the contemporary opinion of mainstream anthropology. [64]

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Even this beautifully preserved dinosaur has some ribs and toes missing. If mounted for display, these might have to be sculpted to replace the missing parts but we do understand what they should look like from this and other specimens of close relatives. Photograph: Junchang Lu/University of Edinbu/PA Some societies are matrilineal or matrifocal but in fact have patriarchal power structures, which may be misidentified as matriarchal. In 1996, American physicist Alan Sokal submitted a paper loaded with nonsensical jargon to the journal Social Text, in which he argued that quantum gravity is a social and linguistic construct. ( Read Sokal’s paper) I have to acquaint you, that the message which was supposed to have been sent this morning from Lord Hawkesbury to the Lord Mayor stating that the Negotiations with France had terminated amicably, was a fabrication, and totally destitute of truth. I am, Sir, your most obedient humble Servant, John Sargent. ~ 1 Bell’s Weekly Messenger – Sunday 08 May 1803 A common feature of pseudohistory is an underlying premise that scholars have a furtive agenda to suppress the promotor's thesis—a premise commonly corroborated by elaborate conspiracy theories. Works of pseudohistory often point exclusively to unreliable sources—including myths and legends, often treated as literal historical truth—to support the thesis being promoted while ignoring valid sources that contradict it. Sometimes a work of pseudohistory will adopt a position of historical relativism, insisting that there is really no such thing as historical truth and that any hypothesis is just as good as any other. Many works of pseudohistory conflate mere possibility with actuality, assuming that if something could have happened, then it did.

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There was some skepticism about her claim when she was unable to provide any detail about her assailant, but another report of a similar occurrence some days later lent credence to her story. a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fritze, Ronald H. (2009). Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions. London, England: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4. The arbitrary linking of disparate events so as to form – in the theorist's opinion – a pattern. This is typically then developed into a conspiracy theory postulating a hidden agent responsible for creating and maintaining the pattern. For example, the pseudohistorical The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail links the Knights Templar, the medieval Grail Romances, the Merovingian Frankish dynasty and the artist Nicolas Poussin in an attempt to identify lineal descendants of Jesus. Linehan, Hugh. "Sinn Féin not allowing facts derail good 'Irish slaves' yarn". The Irish Times . Retrieved 2021-03-30. Fritze asks, 'how can a person know what is truth and fact, and what is lie and error in history, or science for that matter?', and replies plainly, 'the answer is evidence' (p. 11). Any 'educated person' or 'competent reader', he claims, 'can and should be able to identify it [pseudohistory]' (pp. 11, 152). This is the conventional rationalist's stance, echoed in other books about pseudoknowledge for a popular audience. (6) Of course evidence is foundational. But when epistemics is naturalized, the problem is not so simple. One major cognitive phenomenon is confirmation bias: early perceptions and interpretations tend to shape later perceptions and interpretations. (7) As a consequence, we often draw conclusions before all the relevant information is available or when evidence is essentially incomplete (the conventional fallacy of 'hasty generalization'). In addition, our minds unconsciously filter observations, tending to select or highlight confirming examples, while discounting or peripheralizing counterexamples. Ultimately, all the 'available evidence' is not really cognitively available. The believer in pseudohistory typically does respect the need for relevant evidence – and believes that it has been secured (witness their expansive volumes). Merely rehearsing the evidence against pseudohistorical claims, as Fritze largely does, is hardly sufficient for remedying those beliefs – or for understanding why anyone holds them.

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Laura Miller (2006). Dan Burstein (ed.). Secrets of the Code. Vanguard Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-1-59315-273-4. German artist Boris Eldagsen generated this photo using artificial intelligence. It actually won the creative category at the 2023 Sony World Photography Awards. A plausible manner and confidence in speech may lend weight to claims that are fake news – or, let us more nobly say, “factitious”. What is factitious is, oddly, not a fact. Both words derive ultimately from the Latin facere, to make or do, but while a fact (Latin factum) is something done, a factitious thing (Latin factīcius) is something “of the made sort”, something manufactured or artificial – and so, in English, often deceptive, false or inauthentic. Perhaps, just as Stephen Colbert’s coinage “ truthiness” means the quality of seeming but not really being true, we might employ “factitiousness” for the quality of seeming to have, but not really having, something to do with the facts. Despite this however, some second-wave feminists assert that a matriarchy preceded the patriarchy. The Goddess MovementIs neither critical nor skeptical in its reading of ancient historians, taking their claims at face value and ignoring empirical or logical evidence contrary to the claims of the ancients Kennedy, Liam (2015). Unhappy the Land: The Most Oppressed People Ever, the Irish?. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p.19. ISBN 9781785370472. Meanwhile, suspicions about the validity of the letter were raised, and enquiries ensued. When it was determined that the letter was indeed a forgery, the Treasury sent the following press release to the editors of the London evening papers: The initial claims the moon landing was staged came at a time when the Pentagon Papers and Watergate had eroded Americans’ trust in their government. But faking the success of the Apollo 11 mission would require deception on a grand scale—and would be practically impossible to pull off, says Fienberg. Fritze, Ronald H. (November 2009). "On the Perils and Pleasures of Confronting Pseudohistory". Historically Speaking. 10 (5): 2–5. doi: 10.1353/hsp.0.0067. ISSN 1941-4188. S2CID 144988932.