Rammed Earth Construction". Earth Structures. Victoria, Australia. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2012. Betts, Morris Cotgrave; Miller, Thomas Arrington Huntington (May 1937) [1925]. "Farmers' Bulletin No. 1500: Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings - Rammed Earth Books - The Boden Hauser". The Boden Hauser. p.20. OCLC 600507592. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012 . Retrieved February 4, 2012. Originally published by the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. An alternative version is at: Betts, Morris Cotgrave; Miller, Thomas Arrington Huntington (May 1937) [1925]. Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings. Denton, TX, USA: UNT Digital Library, University of North Texas. OCLC 600507592 . Retrieved 4 February 2012.

Xujie, Liu; etal. (2002). Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (ed.). Chinese Architecture. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press and Beijing, China: New World Press. pp. 12–14, 21–2. ISBN 978-0-300-09559-3. OCLC 186413872. Mixing cement with the soil can counteract sustainable benefits such as low embodied energy because manufacture of the cement itself creates 1.25 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of cement produced. [9] Although it has low greenhouse gas emissions in theory, transportation and the production of cement can add significantly [ quantify] to the overall emissions of modern rammed earth construction. The most basic kind of traditional rammed earth has very low greenhouse gas emissions but the more engineered and processed variant of rammed earth has the potential for significant emissions. [ citation needed] History [ edit ] A hangtu section of the Great Wall of China Rammed-earth edifice on a farm in France Insulating a rammed earth structure can require careful thought. Often designers would like to keep the external face of the rammed earth exposed for aesthetic reasons. Insulating the structure in the inside of the building will lose all thermal mass benefits. It is more beneficial to insulate the structure on the outside of the building which will protect the rammed earth but also allow the building to benefit from thermal mass. Earth Rammer Manufacturer in Chennai, Earth Rammer Dealer in Chennai, Earth Rammer Shop in Chennai, Earth Rammer Supplier in Chennai, Earth Rammer Price in Chennai Allinson, David; Hall, Matthew (2013-01-10). "Humidity buffering using stabilised rammed earth materials". {{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help)

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Making rammed earth involves compacting a damp mixture of subsoil that has suitable proportions of sand, gravel, clay, silt and stabilizer, if any, into a formwork (an externally supported frame or mold).

Edifices of rammed earth are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than other building techniques that use more cement and other chemicals. Because rammed-earth edifices use locally available materials, they usually have low embodied energy and generate very little waste. [ citation needed] The soils used are typically subsoil which conserve the topsoil for agriculture. When the soil excavated in preparation for a foundation can be used, the cost and energy consumption of transportation are minimal. [8] Rammed earth is probably the least environmentally detrimental construction material and technique that is readily and commercially available today to construct solid edifices. [ citation needed] Rammed earth has potentially low manufacturing impact, contingent on the amount of cement and the amount that is locally sourced; it is often quarried aggregates rather than "earth". Rammed earth can effectively regulate humidity if unclad walls containing clay are exposed to an internal space. Humidity is regulated between 40% and 60%. [ citation needed] The material mass and clay content of rammed earth allows an edifice to breathe more than concrete edifices, which avoids problems of condensation but prevents significant loss of heat. [6]Edifices of the Borough House Plantation, Stateburg, South Carolina, erected in the 1820s. Holy Cross Episcopal Church in Stateburg, South Carolina, erected between 1850 and 1852 The US Agency for International Development is working with developing countries to improve the engineering of rammed-earth houses. [ citation needed] It also financed the authorship of the Handbook of Rammed Earth by Texas A&M University and the Texas Transportation Institute. [6] [15] During the Third Front campaign to develop strategic industries in China's rugged interior to prepare for potential invasion by the United States or Soviet Union, Planning Commission Director Li Fuchun project leaders to make do with what was available, including building rammed earth housing so that more resources could be directed to production. [19] :207 This policy came to be expressed through the slogan, "First build the factory and afterward housing." [19] :207 Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre in Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada, completed in 2006 "Pisé" houses of rammed earth in Tabant, Morocco; the technique is called " tabut" there. Rammed-earth walls form part of the entrance edifice of the Eden Project in Cornwall, England, UK See also [ edit ]

After a wall is complete, it is sufficiently strong to immediately remove the formwork. This is necessary if a surface texture is to be applied, e.g., by wire brushing, carving, or mold impression, because the walls become too hard to work after approximately one hour. The compressive strength of rammed earth increases as it cures. Cement-stabilised rammed earth is cured for a minimum period of 28 days. Rammed earth is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. [1] It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building method. A feature often exploited with rammed earth structures is thermal mass. The thermal mass slows the movement of heat through the walls, then releases the heat when the surrounding temperature drops (at night). Thermal mass structures can even out temperature variations, creating a comfortable internal environment. Characteristics [ edit ] Detail of the surface of an eroded rammed-earth wall: apart from the patches of damage, the surface shows regular horizontal lines caused by the wooden formwork and subtler horizontal strata from successive courses. Surface of a newly built rammed earth wall just after the removal of formworkCraterre - This French institute provides training in earth construction techniques and in conjunction with UNESCO seeks to disseminate scientific and technical know-how on earthen architecture. The French term "pisé de terre" or "terre pisé" was sometimes used in English for architectural uses, especially in the 19th century. a b c d e Cassell, Robert O. (17 December 2001). "A Traditional Research Paper: Rammed Earth Construction". Ashland Community and Technical College. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2012. Rammed earth works require at least one skilled person for quality control. All other workers can be unskilled or semi-skilled.

Wolfskill, Lyle A.; Dunlap, Wayne A.; Gallaway, Bob M. "Handbook For Building Homes of Earth" (PDF). Texas Transportation Institute bulletin. No.21 (1453ed.). College Station, Texas, USA: Texas Transportation Institute . Retrieved October 6, 2017. Environmental effects and sustainability [ edit ] Rammed-earth trombe wall constructed by Design Build Bluff Under its French name of pisé it is also a material for sculptures, usually small and made in molds. It has been especially used in Central Asia and Tibetan art, and sometimes in China. [2]A Rammed-Earth Wall for the Ages at Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre". www.architecturalrecord.com . Retrieved 2021-03-12. Construction material of damp subsoil The ruins of a Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth in Dunhuang, Province of Gansu, China, at the eastern end of the Silk Road.