Crespi, M.D.; Zabaleta, E.J.; Pontis, H.G.; Salerno, G.L. Sucrose synthase expression during cold acclimation in wheat. Plant Physiol. 1991, 96, 887–891. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] To determine whether exposure to volatiles from goldenrod induced defense responses, two sets of 30 soybean seedlings (~20-cm high) were placed in acrylic cages (60 × 60 × 60 cm). In one cage there was a mesh bag containing cut goldenrod (300 g) hung from the ceiling, while in the other the bag was empty. After 4 days, we moved the plants into a climate-controlled room [25 °C ± 3 °C, under a 16 h L (100 μmol photons m −2 s −1):8 h D photoperiod) without goldenrod volatiles for 2 days. Then, each plant was infested with a second instar S. litura larva of known weight. Seven days later we compared the weight gain of larvae fed on exposed and control plants. We conducted similar experiments using a synthetic volatile blend as an odor source. The synthetic compounds in pure form (α-pinene, β-myrcene, and limonene) (Wako Chemicals Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan) were dissolved in triethyl citrate (TEC). Using a gas chromatography analysis, the ratios of the compounds in the synthetic odor mixtures were tuned to those from an artificially damaged goldenrod plant. The synthetic mixture of pure α-pinene, β-myrcene, and limonene was achieved with a ratio of 20:1:1, respectively. Healthy and mature fruits of the P. utilis Royle and leaves (Figure 1) were collected with the help of local people of Narakot, Jumla (a temperate region, 3128 m above sea level) in November 2020. The collected plant materials were identified and authenticated by the National Herbarium and Plant Laboratory in Godabhari, Nepal (Ref no.078/079). The preparation and preservation of the herbarium were carried out in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory of the Crimson College of Technology, Nepal (Herberium number: CCT/HRB/2021-012). Collected and authenticated leaves and seeds were washed, dried, and ground to a fine powder. The fine powder mass was shifted through the (40 mesh size). 2.4. Preparation of the Plant Extracts Liu, F.; Jensen, C.R.; Andersen, M.N. Drought stress effect on carbohydrate concentration in soybean leaves and pods during early reproductive development: Its implication in altering pod set. Field Crop Res. 2004, 86, 1–13. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

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Ozawa, R., Shiojiri, K., Matsui, K. & Takabayashi, J. Intermittent exposure to traces of green leaf volatiles triggers the production of ( Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol in exposed plants. Plant Signal. Behav. 8, e27013 (2013). Total phenolic content was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with slight modification [ 31]. Gallic acid was used as a standard. In this study, different concentrations of gallic acid (3.906 μg/mL, 7.812 μg/mL, 15.625 μg/mL, 31.250 μg/mL, 62.500 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL, and 250 μg/mL) were prepared by serial dilution technique. For each sample, extract solution of 1 mg/mL concentration was prepared by using ethanol. Then, 1 mL (1 mg/mL concentration) of ethanolic extract solution was treated with 1 mL (2°N) FC reagent followed by the addition of 5 mL distilled water and shaken well for 5 minutes. After that, 1 mL of 10%, Na 2CO 3 was poured and incubated for 1 hour. In the same manner, a blank solution was prepared without a sample. Finally, the absorbance of incubated standard solutions and sample solutions was recorded at 725 nm. All the measurements were evaluated in triplicate [ 24]. 2.8. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content Yoneya, K., Kugimiya, S. & Takabayashi, J. Leaf beetle larvae, Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), show decreased performance on uninfested willow plants. Salix eriocarpa (Salicales: Salicaceae), that have been exposed to airborne factors from willow plants infested by conspecific larva. App. Entomol. Zool. 49, 249–253 (2014).Samarah, N.; Alqudah, A.; Amayreh, J.; McAndrews, G. The effect of late-terminal drought stress on yield components of four barley cultivars. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 2009, 195, 427–441. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Hypogeal plants have (on average) significantly larger seeds than epigeal ones. They are also capable of surviving if the seedling is clipped off, as meristem buds remain underground (with epigeal plants, the meristem is clipped off if the seedling is grazed). The tradeoff is whether the plant should produce a large number of small seeds, or a smaller number of seeds which are more likely to survive. [4] [5]

Ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (Microxpress, a division of Tulip Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd.) antibiotic discs were utilized as standard drugs for antibacterial assay. Nutrient broth (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai), Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai), 3 (4, 5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (Beyotime Biotechnology, China), DPPH (Thermo Fisher scientific, India Pvt. Ltd; Mumbai), Barium chloride (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, quercetin, ascorbic acid dimethyl sulfoxide (Thermo Fisher Scientific, India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai). 2.2. Bacterial StrainsNishii, Kanae; Kuwabara, Asuka; Nagata, Toshiyuki (2004). "Characterization of Anisocotylous Leaf Formation in Streptocarpus Wendlandii (Gesneriaceae): Significance of Plant Growth Regulators". Annals of Botany. 94 (3): 457–67. doi: 10.1093/aob/mch160. JSTOR 42759229. PMC 4242185. PMID 15286012 . Retrieved 13 December 2022. Arimura, G., Matsui, K. & Takabayashi, J. Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: Proximate factors and their ultimate functions. Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 911–923 (2009).