Depends strongly on viscosity, temperature, and biomolecular interactions. [11] Common cyanine dyes and their uses [ edit ] Ranasinghe, R. T. & Brown, T. Ultrasensitive fluorescence-based methods for nucleic acid detection: Towards amplification-free genetic analysis. Chem. Commun. 47, 3717–3735 (2011).

documentation, and (e) comply with any license, terms of service or similar agreement with respect to any third party products or Schneider, T. D. & Stephens, R. M. Sequence logos—a new way to display consensus sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 6097–6100 (1990). Kretschy, N., Holik, A. K., Somoza, V., Stengele, K. P. & Somoza, M. M. Next-generation o-nitrobenzyl photolabile groups for light-directed chemistry and microarray synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 8555–8559 (2015). CY-2 (长缨-2) is a development of CY-1, and it is based on C-802 missile, sharing the same turbo jet engine. The missile is in limited service in Chinese navy after numerous tests, the last of which was the test of the air-launched version, which was successfully completed by Harbin SH-5 in 1994. The major improvement is the range of this weapon is tripled to 30 nautical miles (56km), but the speed is reduced to subsonic level from CY-1's Mach 1.5. Just like the way CY-1 can be stored and launched from the container/launcher of C-801, CY-2 can be stored and launched from the container/launcher of C-802. The publicized data for CY-2 includes:Lietard, J., Ameur, D. & Somoza, M. M. Sequence-dependent quenching of fluorescein fluorescence on single-stranded and double-stranded DNA. Rsc Adv. 12, 5629–5637 (2022). The Cy3 and Cy5 nomenclature was first proposed by Ernst, et al. [5] in 1989, and is non-standard since it gives no hint of their chemical structures. In the original paper the number designated the count of the methines (as shown), and the side chains were unspecified. Due to this ambiguity various structures are designated Cy3 and Cy5 in the literature. The R groups do not have to be identical. In the dyes as used they are short aliphatic chains one or both of which ends in a highly reactive moiety such as N-hydroxysuccinimide or maleimide. Doktycz, M. J., Paner, T. M., Amaratunga, M. & Benight, A. S. Thermodynamic stability of the 5’ dangling-ended DNA hairpins formed from sequences 5’-(Xy)2ggatac(T)4gtatcc-3’, Where X, Y = a, T, G, C. Biopolymers 30, 829–845 (1990). Armitage, Bruce A. (27 January 2005). "Cyanine Dye–DNA Interactions: Intercalation, Groove Binding, and Aggregation". DNA Binders and Related Subjects. Vol.253. pp.55–76. doi: 10.1007/b100442. ISBN 978-3-540-22835-6. {{ cite book}}: |journal= ignored ( help) The pH value of protein solution shall be 8.5±0.5. If the pH is lower than 8.0, 1 M sodium bicarbonate shall be used for adjustment.

Caruso, T., Carotenuto, M., Vasca, E. & Peluso, A. Direct experimental observation of the effect of the base pairing on the oxidation potential of guanine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 15040–15041 (2005). This Cyanine5 NHS ester (analog to Cy5 ® NHS ester) is a reactive dye for the labeling of amino-groups in peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides. This dye requires a small amount of organic co-solvent (such as DMF or DMSO) to be used in labeling reactions (please see our recommended protocol for more details). This reagent is ideal for very cost-efficient labeling of soluble proteins as well as all kinds of peptides and oligonucleotides. This reagent also works well in organic solvents for small molecule labeling. For more sophisticated targets such as easily degradable proteins, when the use of DMF or DMSO is undesirable, consider using water-soluble sulfo-Cyanine 5 NHS ester which does not require any co-solvent, and features very similar fluorescent properties.

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Except as otherwise expressly agreed in a writing signed by a legally authorized representative of CST, the following terms Mujumdar, R. B., Ernst, L. A., Mujumdar, S. R., Lewis, C. J. & Waggoner, A. S. Cyanine dye labeling reagents—sulfoindocyanine Succinimidyl Esters. Bioconjugate Chem. 4, 105–111 (1993). The design of DNA oligonucleotides is based on a permutation scheme allowing for all possible combinations of 5 consecutive nucleotides immediately adjacent to a fluorescent dye to be synthesized in parallel as microarrays (P 1–P 5 in Fig. 1). The total amount of unique pentanucleotides is 4 5, or 1024 oligonucleotides to be synthesized. To account for potential variability in synthesis efficiency which would produce lower fluorescence signals for poorly-synthesized sequences, the nucleotide content in all DNA sequences is kept constant by adding a subsection composed of five “N” trinucleotides (N 1 to N 5) where each N x corresponds to AGCT minus the nucleotide in P x. Between the P and N sections, a T 15 spacer is introduced and the entire oligonucleotide sequence is then synthesized over a T 5 linker separating the DNA from the surface of the array. At the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide, immediately after the pentanucleotide, a Cy3 or Cy5 dye is attached. Schematically, all 1024 combinations are represented in the form 3′Cy3/Cy5—P 1P 2P 3P 4P 5—T 15—(ACGT-P 1)—(ACGT-P 2)—(ACGT-P 3)—(ACGT-P 4)—(ACGT-P 5)—T 5—glass. Microarray synthesis Iqbal, A., Wang, L., Thompson, K. C., Lilley, D. M. J. & Norman, D. G. The structure of cyanine 5 terminally attached to double-stranded DNA: Implications for FRET studies. Biochemistry 47, 7857–7862 (2008). The following protocol is an example of dye-protein conjugate purification by using a SepHadex G-25 column.

The excitation source will now appear on the graph display as a thin vertical line in a color associated with its location on the spectrum. any Product to any third party, whether alone or in combination with other materials, or use the Products to manufacture any Holz, K. et al. High-efficiency reverse (5’–>3’) synthesis of complex DNA microarrays. Sci. Rep. 8, 15099 (2018). Levitus, M. & Ranjit, S. Cyanine dyes in biophysical research: the photophysics of polymethine fluorescent dyes in biomolecular environments. Q Rev. Biophys. 44, 123–151 (2011). Cy7 is a near-IR fluor that is invisible to the naked eye (excitation/emission maximum 750/776nm). It is used in in vivo imaging applications, as well as the Cy7.5 dye.commercial products, (b) not copy, modify, reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble or otherwise attempt to discover the underlying Agbavwe, C. et al. Efficiency, error and yield in light-directed maskless synthesis of DNA microarrays. J. Nanobiotechnol. 9 (2011). Kvach, Maksim V.; Ustinov, Alexey V.; Stepanova, Irina A.; Malakhov, Andrei D.; Skorobogatyi, Mikhail V.; Shmanai, Vadim V.; Korshun, Vladimir A. (2008). "A Convenient Synthesis of Cyanine Dyes: Reagents for the Labeling of Biomolecules". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2008 (12): 2107–2117. doi: 10.1002/ejoc.200701190. ISSN 1099-0690. Umezawa K, Matsui A, Nakamura Y, Citterio D, Suzuki K (2009). "Bright, color-tunable fluorescent dyes in the Vis/NIR region: establishment of new "tailor-made" multicolor fluorophores based on borondipyrromethene". Chemistry: A European Journal. 15 (5): 1096–106. doi: 10.1002/chem.200801906. PMID 19117043. Sulfo–Cyanine dyes bear one or two sulfo groups, rendering the Cy dye water-soluble, but tri- and quadri-sulfonated forms are available for even higher water solubility. [8] PEGylation is another modification that confers hydrophilicity, not only to the dye but also to the labeled conjugate.