Medina M, Collins AG, Silberman JD, Sogin ML (August 2001). "Evaluating hypotheses of basal animal phylogeny using complete sequences of large and small subunit rRNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (17): 9707–12. Bibcode: 2001PNAS...98.9707M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.171316998. PMC 55517. PMID 11504944.

Put the butter and caster sugar into a large bowl and beat together using a handheld electric whisk until pale and fluffy, about 3min. Gradually add the eggs, beating well after each addition (if the mixture looks as if it might curdle, mix in a few tablespoons of the flour). Crossland CJ, Barnes DJ, Borowitzka MA (1980) "Diurnal lipid and mucus production in the staghorn coral Acropora acuminata". Mar Biol, 60: 81−90.

It used to be claimed that glass sponges could live on nutrients dissolved in sea water and were very averse to silt. [35] However, a study in 2007 found no evidence of this and concluded that they extract bacteria and other micro-organisms from water very efficiently (about 79%) and process suspended sediment grains to extract such prey. [36] Collar bodies digest food and distribute it wrapped in vesicles that are transported by dynein "motor" molecules along bundles of microtubules that run throughout the syncytium. [21]

Analyses since 2001 have concluded that Eumetazoa (more complex than sponges) are more closely related to particular groups of sponges than to other sponge groups. Such conclusions imply that sponges are not monophyletic, because the last common ancestor of all sponges would also be a direct ancestor of the Eumetazoa, which are not sponges. A study in 2001 based on comparisons of ribosome DNA concluded that the most fundamental division within sponges was between glass sponges and the rest, and that Eumetazoa are more closely related to calcareous sponges (those with calcium carbonate spicules) than to other types of sponge. [113] In 2007, one analysis based on comparisons of RNA and another based mainly on comparison of spicules concluded that demosponges and glass sponges are more closely related to each other than either is to the calcareous sponges, which in turn are more closely related to Eumetazoa. [98] [115] Crossland CJ (1987) In situ release of mucus and DOC-lipid from the corals Acropora variabilis and Stylophora pistillata in different light regimes. Coral Reefs 6: 35−42

Loading data...

Love GD, Grosjean E, Stalvies C, Fike DA, Grotzinger JP, Bradley AS, Kelly AE, Bhatia M, Meredith W, Snape CE, Bowring SA, Condon DJ, Summons RE (February 2009). "Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period" (PDF). Nature. 457 (7230): 718–721. Bibcode: 2009Natur.457..718L. doi: 10.1038/nature07673. PMID 19194449. S2CID 4314662. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-24 . Retrieved 2019-08-01. a b Krützen M, Mann J, Heithaus MR, Connor RC, Bejder L, Sherwin WB (June 2005). "Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (25): 8939–43. Bibcode: 2005PNAS..102.8939K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0500232102. PMC 1157020. PMID 15947077. A sponge cakemakes a great birthday cakeand excellent celebration cakefor any occasion including baby shower cakes, anniversary cakes, get well soon cakes or kids birthday cakes. Turn your sponge into a personalised cake with our fun range of cake toppers, or add some fun birthday candles, a tipple or hot drink or even get it gift wrapped! a b Hoegh-Guldberg O, McCloskey LR, Muscatine L (1987) Expulsion of zooxanthellae by symbiotic cnidarians from the Red Sea. Coral Reefs 5: 201−204 Sponges are more abundant but less diverse in temperate waters than in tropical waters, possibly because organisms that prey on sponges are more abundant in tropical waters. [54] Glass sponges are the most common in polar waters and in the depths of temperate and tropical seas, as their very porous construction enables them to extract food from these resource-poor waters with the minimum of effort. Demosponges and calcareous sponges are abundant and diverse in shallower non-polar waters. [55]

Archer, Stephanie K.; Kahn, Amanda S.; Thiess, Mary; Law, Lauren; Leys, Sally P.; Johannessen, Sophia C.; Layman, Craig A.; Burke, Lily; Dunham, Anya (24 September 2020). "Foundation Species Abundance Influences Food Web Topology on Glass Sponge Reefs". Frontiers in Marine Science. Frontiers Media SA. 7. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.549478. ISSN 2296-7745. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Demospongia". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Berkeley, CA: U.C. Berkeley. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013 . Retrieved 2008-11-27. Ereskovsky AV (2010). The Comparative Embryology of Sponges. Russia: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-90-481-8575-7.Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (7thed.). Brooks / Cole. p.78. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1.

Below is a recipe for a plain Victoria sponge. Once you have perfected this, use the sponge recipe as a vehicle for any of your favourite flavour combinations! Get creative and try some of our suggestions; Use Sponges made of sponge gourd for sale alongside sponges of animal origin ( Spice Bazaar at Istanbul, Turkey) By dolphins Many sponges shed spicules, forming a dense carpet several meters deep that keeps away echinoderms which would otherwise prey on the sponges. [34] They also produce toxins that prevent other sessile organisms such as bryozoans or sea squirts from growing on or near them, making sponges very effective competitors for living space. One of many examples includes ageliferin.Many objects with sponge-like textures are now made of substances not derived from poriferans. Synthetic sponges include personal and household cleaning tools, breast implants, [129] and contraceptive sponges. [130] Typical materials used are cellulose foam, polyurethane foam, and less frequently, silicone foam.