Procopius (2000). History of the Wars (book 8, chapter 20, verses 6–10). Translated by H. B. Dewing. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99191-5. The name ‘Camulodunum’ (Colchester) appeared on the coins of Celtic rulers such as Cunobelinus, whom the Romans called ‘Great King of the Britons’. The capital of the Trinovantes tribe, Camulodunum was the main target of the invading Roman army in AD 43, later becoming the first town in the new province.(Photo by Werner Forman/Universal Images Group/Getty Images) Food

Boudica, queen of the Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman empire. (Photo by Culture Club/Getty Images) Insular Celtic culture diversified into that of the Gaels ( Irish, Scots and Manx) and the Celtic Britons ( Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons) of the medieval and modern periods. [2] [20] [21] A modern Celtic identity [22] was constructed as part of the Romanticist Celtic Revival in Britain, Ireland, and other European territories such as Galicia. [23] Today, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton are still spoken in parts of their former territories, while Cornish and Manx are undergoing a revival. Because Classical writers did not call the inhabitants of Britain and Ireland Κελτοί ( Keltoi) or Celtae, [5] [8] [9] some scholars prefer not to use the term for the Iron Age inhabitants of those islands. [5] [8] [9] [10] However, they spoke Celtic languages, shared other cultural traits, and Roman historian Tacitus says the Britons resembled the Gauls in customs and religion. [11] Modern It is only really within the last few centuries that the term ‘Celtic’ has taken on a more political dimension, being linked with concepts of Welsh, Scottish, Irish, Cornish, Gallician or Breton independence in the face of perceived English, Spanish or French political domination.

A Latin name for the Gauls, Galli ( pl.), may come from a Celtic ethnic name, perhaps borrowed into Latin during the Celtic expansion into Italy from the early fifth century BC. Its root may be Proto-Celtic *galno, meaning "power, strength" (whence Old Irish gal "boldness, ferocity", Welsh gallu "to be able, power"). The Greek name Γαλάται ( Galatai, Latinized Galatae) most likely has the same origin, referring to the Gauls who invaded southeast Europe and settled in Galatia. [35] The suffix -atai might be a Greek inflection. [36] Linguist Kim McCone suggests it comes from Proto-Celtic *galatis ("ferocious, furious"), and was not originally an ethnic name but a name for young warrior bands. He says "If the Gauls' initial impact on the Mediterranean world was primarily a military one typically involving fierce young *galatīs, it would have been natural for the Greeks to apply this name for the type of Keltoi that they usually encountered". [28] Find sources: "Vercingetorix"– news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. However, the capital of the Bituriges, Avaricum (near modern-day Bourges), a Gallic settlement directly in Caesar's path, was spared. Due to the town's strong protests, naturally defensible terrain, and apparently strong man-made reinforcing defenses, Vercingetorix decided against razing and burning it. Leaving the town to its fate, Vercingetorix camped well outside of Avaricum and focused on conducting harassing engagements of the advancing Roman units led by Caesar and his chief lieutenant Titus Labienus. Upon reaching Avaricum, however, the Romans laid siege and eventually captured the capital. We care about our planet! We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere.

First, to become the chief of the Tuatha Dé Danann, Lugh had to present his credentials to the current king, Nuadu, who has a mechanical silver arm which some consider a handicap that makes him unfit to be ruler. Lugh informs the king that he is multi-skilled because he has the capabilities of a carpenter, smith, physician, warrior, sorcerer, and historian, amongst many others. Lugh impresses the court with his strength by throwing a huge flagstone and with his skill at playing the harp. Lugh then defeats Nuadu, and anyone else who cares to play, in a board-game called fidchell - a slightly unfair match since Lugh was credited with inventing it - and so he becomes the king. Linguists have debated whether a Celtic language came to the British Isles and then split, or whether the two branches arrived separately. The older view was that Celtic influence in the Isles was the result of successive migrations or invasions from the European mainland by diverse Celtic-speaking peoples over several centuries, accounting for the P-Celtic vs. Q-Celtic isogloss. This view has been challenged by the hypothesis that the islands' Celtic languages form an Insular Celtic dialect group. [118] In the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars often dated the "arrival" of Celtic culture in Britain (via an invasion model) to the 6th century BC, corresponding to archaeological evidence of Hallstatt influence and the appearance of chariot burials in what is now England. Cunliffe and Koch propose in their newer 'Celtic from the West' theory that Celtic languages reached the Isles earlier, with the Bell Beaker culture c.2500 BC, or even before this. [119] [120] More recently, a major archaeogenetics study uncovered a migration into southern Britain in the Bronze Age from 1300 to 800 BC. [121] The newcomers were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from Gaul. [121] From 1000 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain, [122] but not northern Britain. [121] The authors see this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain". [121] There was much less immigration during the Iron Age, so it is likely that Celtic reached Britain before then. [121] Cunliffe suggests that a branch of Celtic was already spoken in Britain, and the Bronze Age migration introduced the Brittonic branch. [123] The Dumnonii seem to have accepted the Roman conquest without resistance and as a result, few garrison forts were placed in their territory, although this area never fully adopted Roman ways of life. Lifestyles and types of settlements remained little changed from the Iron Age through the Roman period. Exeter already the Legionary Fortress Isca Dumnoniorum was also transformed into the capital of Civitas.At the battle of Telamon in 225 BC, a large Celtic army was trapped between two Roman forces and crushed. [110] The Romans conquered Britain in 43 A.C. under Claudius, and the Celts were slowly subjugated and Romanized. They didn’t go down without a fight, though. The legendary Celtic queen Boudicca led a bloody revolt against the Romans in 61 A.C. in which her forces destroyed the Roman stronghold of Londinium and massacred the inhabitants, according to Roman sources. Arnold says that the wheeled couch was replaced in later Celtic burial mounds by two-wheeled chariots that carried the honored dead into the afterlife. The drinking equipment points to the critical role of feasting as a sociopolitical tool to the Celts. What the Greeks and Romans described as “excessive drinking” was actually a way for Celtic elites to strengthen ties with allies. And that continued in the great beyond. The Celtiberian group in the Upper-Douro Upper-Tagus Upper-Jalón area. [86] Archaeological data suggest a continuity at least from the 6th century BC. In this early period, the Celtiberians inhabited in hill-forts ( Castros). Around the end of the 3rd century BC, Celtiberians adopted more urban ways of life. From the 2nd century BC, they minted coins and wrote inscriptions using the Celtiberian script. These inscriptions make the Celtiberian Language the only Hispano-Celtic language classified as Celtic with unanimous agreement. [87] In the late period, before the Roman Conquest, both archaeological evidence and Roman sources suggest that the Celtiberians were expanding into different areas in the Peninsula (e.g. Celtic Baeturia). For Venceslas Kruta, Galatia in central Turkey was an area of dense Celtic settlement. [ citation needed]