Adrien Delmas; Nigel Penn (20 January 2012). Written Culture in a Colonial Context: Africa and the Americas 1500–1900. BRILL. p.348. ISBN 978-90-04-22524-4. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2015.

A 2:3 vertically striped bicolour of green and red, with the lesser coat of arms of Portugal centered over the colour boundary Pereira, A.S. (March 2006). "The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the Lisbon 1755 Earthquake" (PDF). Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2010. The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2012. The city prospered as piracy was eliminated and technological advances were introduced, consequently Felicitas Julia became a center of trade with the Roman provinces of Britannia (particularly Cornwall) and the Rhine. Economically strong, Olissipo was known for its garum (a fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the empire and exported in amphorae to Rome), wine, salt, and horse-breeding, while Roman culture permeated the hinterland. The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, Bracara Augusta in the province of Tarraconensis (Portuguese Braga), and Emerita Augusta, the capital of Lusitania. The city was ruled by an oligarchical council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae, although regional authority was administered by the Roman Governor of Emerita or directly by Emperor Tiberius. Among the majority of Latin speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves. Welcome to the official global voting platform of". New7Wonders. Archived from the original on 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2009.

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During the Estado Novo regime (1926–1974), Lisbon was expanded at the cost of other districts within the country, resulting in nationalist and monumental projects. New residential and public developments were constructed; the zone of Belém was modified for the 1940 Portuguese Exhibition, while along the periphery new districts appeared to house the growing population. The inauguration of the bridge over the Tagus allowed a rapid connection between both sides of the river.

Lisbon was the 7th most "livable city" in the world in 2021 according to lifestyle magazine Monocle. [114] Esqueça o carro. Lisboa é uma das melhores cidades da Europa para andar de bicicleta". NiT (in European Portuguese) . Retrieved 24 August 2023. Bandeira das Quinas (Flag of the quinas ( "Quina" being a Portuguese word meaning "a group of five")), Bandeira Verde-Rubra (Green-Red Flag) The largest religion is, according to 2021 Portuguese Census, Roman Catholicism. The proportion of Catholics in Lisbon city proper (around 66%) is significantly higher than in the city's metropolitan area (55%). [98] This may due to the fact that Lisbon city's age structure is older than the one found in the surrounding areas and, in general, younger generations tend to be less religious. [99] [100]John II was succeeded by his first cousin Manuel I, in 1495. This king was the first to convert the traditional square armorial banner into a rectangular (2:3) field with the coat of arms on its centre. Specifically, the flag was now a white rectangle centrally charged with the coat of arms (bearing eleven castles) on an ogival or heater-shaped shield and surmounted by an open royal crown. [14] Manuel I possessed a personal standard which included the armillary sphere for the first time. [15] Outside Lisbon, there are two main commuter bus services connecting the cities outside Lisbon amongst them and to Lisbon: Carris Metropolitana, [137] a brand operated by 4 companies, all operating inside the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, and Barraqueiro Transportes [138] (with 4 brands operating outside the Metropolitan Area with services to Lisbon), which operate from different terminals in the city. Jeffrey S. Ruth, ed. (1996) [1554], "Urbis Olisiponis descriptio", Lisbon in the Renaissance, New York, New York {{ citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link)

Afonso III of Portugal was not the eldest son, therefore heraldic practices stated he should not take his father's arms without adding a personal variation. Before becoming king, Afonso was married to Matilda II of Boulogne but her inability to provide him with a royal heir led Afonso to divorce her, in 1253. He then married Beatrice of Castile, an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X of Castile. It is more likely that it was this family connection with Castile (his mother was also Castilian) that justified the new heraldic addition to the royal arms—a red bordure charged with an undetermined number of yellow castles—rather than the definitive conquest of the Algarve and its Moorish fortresses, considering that the number of castles was only fixed in the late 16th century.Central Intelligence Agency (2021). The CIA World Factbook 2021-2022. Simon and Schuster. p.3319. ISBN 978-1-5107-6382-1. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023 . Retrieved 14 January 2023. The inner portion contained the arms of Sancho I, although the number of bezants varied between seven, eleven and sixteen (the latter number was used on Afonso's personal standard while he was still Count of Boulogne). [14] This same design was used by the Portuguese kings until the end of the first dynasty, in 1383; a succession crisis put the country at war with Castile and left it without a ruler for two years. Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still employs small (four-wheel) vehicles of a design dating from the early twentieth century. These distinctive yellow trams are one of the tourist icons of modern Lisbon, and their size is well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city. [124] [125] The line has now a total length of 31 kilometers operating on 6 lines, down from a maximum of 76 kilometers for 27 lines. The slow decline of the network began with the construction of the Lisbon Metro and the expansion of the bus system. [126] Starting in 2017 the system has been expanded and new vehicles are being progressively added, aiming at expanding significantly the current tramway system. [127] [128] [129] There are currently 64 trams in operation in Lisbon and, during 2023-2026, 35 more will be added (Of which 10 will be "Historical models"). [130] [131] [132] [133] Trains [ edit ] Gare do Oriente train station, designed by Santiago Calatrava The conjugation of the new field color, especially the use of green, was not traditional in the Portuguese national flag's composition and represented a radical republican-inspired change that broke the bond with the former monarchical flag. Since a failed republican insurrection on 31 January 1891, red and green had been established as the colours of the Portuguese Republican Party and its associated movements, whose political prominence kept growing until it reached a culmination period following the Republican revolution of 5 October 1910. In the ensuing decades, these colours were popularly propagandised as representing the hope of the nation (green) and the blood of those who died defending it (red), as a means to endow them with a more patriotic and dignified, therefore less political, sentiment.