On Nov. 30, 2018, the state medical examiner released the final autopsy results. The death was ruled a homicide, caused by "sudden cardiopulmonary arrest due to prone restraint."

That's how my brother died," said Kimberly Smith, his younger sister, who watched the video later. "He died like an animal."Although the study found no significant differences in the tested parameters, 3 subjects were excluded as they experienced clinical decline while prone. Marcus’ mother, Mary Smith, said she does not believe police intended to kill her son. They were negligent, treated her son like a throwaway, she said, and should be convicted of manslaughter. As more scrutiny has been placed on Aurora’s use of the hobble in recent years, the directives in the department’s manual have changed and become more detailed. Price – You don’t have to spend an absolute fortune on hogtie restraints. In fact, you’ll be surprised to find out that you can get some for a surprisingly affordable price! You really don’t have to spend a lot of money for some great quality and effective hogtie restraints!

Not sure what width or length rope is right for you? This should help you determine the differences between the various hemp rope sizes. We offer 4mm, 6mm and 8mm rope in various lengths across eight fantastic colors. Measured pulmonary parameters in sitting, prone, supine, and restraint positions before and after exercise. It should only be used when you have a situation where a person is violently combative [and] you have a lawful reason to take them into custody,” said Manger. “What you're trying to do is make sure they don't hurt themselves, or hurt someone else.” Research into the safety of positional restraint emerged in the early 1980s with the examination of “choke holds” leading to their banning by the majority of law enforcement. 1 , 2 Much of the research thereafter focused on the “hog-tie” or “hobble” restraint, also referred to as the prone maximal restraint position (PMRP). In this variation of restraint, the subject is placed in the prone position with arms handcuffed and ankles bound. The knees are then flexed, and the ankles secured to the handcuffs. It had been postulated that positional restraint could in some way affect an individual's ability to properly ventilate. Some have considered that such positioning could obstruct the upper airway or restrict the motion of the chest wall, diaphragm, or abdomen. This idea, coined “positional asphyxia” was first used by Bell et al. who examined 30 cases of asphyxia-related death in a nine-year period in Broward, FL. 3 Their study found that most often, the deceased individuals were found in positions that obstructed the upper airway. Of the thirty, four cases were reportedly found in positions that restricted chest and diaphragm movement, suggesting perhaps the cause of death could have been from hypoventilatory respiratory failure. No other significant contributors to death were found in these subjects.The Effect of the Prone Maximal Restraint Position with and without Weight Force on Cardiac Output and Other Hemodynamic Measures (2013) The Effect of Simulated Restraint in the Prone Position on Cardiorespiratory Function Following Exercise in Humans (2000) Others have suggested that rib fractures could be used as a marker for chest compression asphyxia deaths. 20 Kroll et al. expanded this idea and postulated that a force-generated flail chest could be sufficient enough for death. 21 While previous research focused on velocity-generated flail chest, the authors attempted to develop a model to predict the compression force needed to create flail chest which would be more applicable to a forensic scenario. Using a series of models, the authors predicted that a static force of 2550±250N (260±26kg) would be sufficient to cause a flail chest, which was defined as bilateral fractures of ribs #3–5. In application to the theory of positional asphyxia, it would seem that a significant force would need to be applied to a subject to induce a respiratory compromising flail chest. The model was only based on male subjects in the supine position, although the authors suggested that the prone position may be able to handle even greater weights due to the hinging of the costophrenic angle.

But in Charlotte, North Carolina; Columbus, Ohio; Houston and Indianapolis, officers are allowed to restrain a person in this manner in certain circumstances or with certain provisions. In the Boston and Milwaukee manuals, there is no mention of hogtying or the hobble device. When questioned, both departments said they do not provide officers with a hobble. Then-Interim Chief of Police Vanessa Wilson, who is now chief, called the incident “egregious” and fired the officer.Body camera footage shows that they carried her out by her arms and shoulders and put her in a police vehicle and then on the front lawn. They eventually removed the restraints and took her to jail. An officer said in the police report that he heard a "pop" from Peoples' shoulder and that she was taken to the hospital. Peoples says her arm was dislocated. Experience level – How experienced you are using hogtie restraints will inform what kind of restraints you get. You can of course get hogties for beginners and for those just dipping their toes into the world of BDSM, but you can also get harsher restraints with more options for those more advanced users. As our gift to you, a free set of our Getting Started DVDs is included with nearly every rope kit we offer. Kelly has retained counsel, the same lawyer who is representing Elijah McClain's family in its ongoing suit against the city and city employees. If your gear is finished early, we will ship it early. If early delivery could be a problem (i.e. you’ll be away), let us know. SHIP IT (Australia)

This versatile body harness can be tied on any body with simple modifications. Tied here using 50ft of 6mm rope (tied using 4mm this makes great stealth-bondage under clothing). The versatility of rope makes it easy to create a custom-fit strap-on harness on the hips, or anywhere else on the body. Other investigators have sought to replicate this previous work with attention to additional variables in attempts to closer simulate real-life restraint. It has been suggested that positional restraint alone is not enough to cause ventilatory compromise and it is often additional factors that contribute to mortality. One common theory is that the act of restraint can add a weight force to a subject that significantly restricts ventilation. Barnett et al. examined this idea by measuring the anterior chest pressure caused by prone positioning and the extent to which it affected ventilation. 15 The study compared standard prone positioning to a modified “supported prone” position which was hypothesized to reduce pressure on the anterior chest wall. The study showed that all positions exerted some degree of pressure, although less so in the modified position. FVC and FEV1 were also decreased across all positions, less so in the modified position. Although the positions did cause restrictive reductions in lung function, they were not noted to be clinically significant. Overall, the Hogtied category is a great way to explore your kinks and fetishes in a safe and consensual way. Whether you're into soft bondage or hardcore BDSM, you'll find something to suit your tastes in this category. So why not give it a try and see what all the fuss is about?. Shataeah Kelly was arrested by Aurora Police in August 2019 on charges resulting from a fight. An officer decided to hobble Kelly after she tried to escape from his patrol car.Smith's friends and family were suspicious. Marcus was homeless and struggled with substance abuse, but they knew him as unfailingly polite and upbeat. Nine days after his death, an outreach worker for the homeless wrote Scott and the city council and asked "how such a beautiful life could come to such an abrupt end." The letter requested the public release of body camera video and all pertinent information, and said, "Chief Scott, we need answers." Effect of Position and Weight Force on Inferior Vena Cava Diameter – Implications for Arrest-Related Death (2011) Demonstrators gather outside City Hall in Greensboro, N.C., on May 3, 2021 to protest the death of Marcus Smith after police hogtied him in September 2018. Travis Dove for The Marshall Project When it comes to the content in this category, you'll find everything from soft bondage scenes to full-on BDSM sessions. Many of the videos feature women being tied up and forced to endure a wide range of sexual activities, including anal sex, vaginal sex, and oral sex. Some videos even feature women being whipped or spanked while tied up. The hobble can be tied in several variations — to the handcuffs, but also to the waist. Experts say the person should immediately be turned on their side, and not left facedown, which is dangerous.