The Philosophers of the Warring States". Khan Academy. Archived from the original on 2023-04-30 . Retrieved 2023-04-30. Schuman, Michael (2015). Confucius: And the World He Created. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04057-5. Archived from the original on 2017-04-16. Schiller, Friedrich (2010-11-18). "Proverbs of Confucius". The Open Court. 1905 (5). Archived from the original on 2021-04-12 . Retrieved 2021-04-12.

Confucius (1997). Lun yu, (in English The Analects of Confucius). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04019-4. Qiu, Jane (13 August 2008). "Inheriting Confucius". Seed Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2009. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link) Shen, Vincent (2013). Dao Companion to Classical Confucian Philosophy. Springer. ISBN 978-90-481-2936-2. Archived from the original on 2019-10-11 . Retrieved 2018-12-04. Bonevac, Daniel; Phillips, Stephen (2009). Introduction to world philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515231-9. Intorcetta, Prospero; etal., eds. (1687), Confucius Sinarum Philosophus, sive, Scientia Sinensis Latine Exposita [ Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin] , Paris: Daniel Horthemels . (in Latin)

From The Manufacturer

Levi, Jean (2023). The Assassins of Confucius: Some Recent Trends in Sinology. Mingyuan Hu, trans. London and Paris: Hermits United. ISBN 978-1-9998833-6-2. . Two of Confucius's most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. In the centuries after his death, Mencius ( 孟子) and Xunzi ( 荀子) both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. Mencius (4th century BCE) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards rén, yì, and lǐ, while Xunzi (3rd century BCE) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training. In time, their writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus of Confucianism. [53]

Kim, Tae Hyun; Csikszentmihalyi, Mark (2010). "Chapter 2". In Olberding, Amy (ed.). Dao Companion to the Analects. Springer. pp.21–36. ISBN 978-94-007-7112-3. Archived from the original on 2019-12-25 . Retrieved 2018-10-27.Chin, Ann-ping (2007). The Authentic Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-4618-7. US Supreme Court Courtroom Friezes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2019 . Retrieved 19 February 2019. Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 2019-11-19 . Retrieved 2019-11-25. Just as action according to lǐ should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to yì, so yì is linked to the core value of rén ( 仁). Rén consists of five basic virtues: seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence, and kindness. [44] Rén is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence", "humaneness", or "empathy"; translator Arthur Waley calls it "Goodness" (with a capital G), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness". Confucius's moral system was based upon empathy and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of rén so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of yì. Confucius asserts that virtue is a mean between extremes. For example, the properly generous person gives the right amount – not too much and not too little. [44] Politics

In Confucius's time, the state of Lu was headed by a ruling ducal house. [23] Under the duke were three aristocratic families, whose heads bore the title of viscount and held hereditary positions in the Lu bureaucracy. [24] The Ji family held the position "Minister over the Masses", who was also the "Prime Minister"; the Meng family held the position "Minister of Works"; and the Shu family held the position "Minister of War". [24] In the winter of 505 BCE, Yang Hu—a retainer of the Ji family—rose up in rebellion and seized power from the Ji family. [24] However, by the summer of 501 BCE, the three hereditary families had succeeded in expelling Yang Hu from Lu. [24] By then, Confucius had built up a considerable reputation through his teachings, while the families came to see the value of proper conduct and righteousness, so they could achieve loyalty to a legitimate government. [25] Thus, that year (501 BCE), Confucius came to be appointed to the minor position of governor of a town. [25] Eventually, he rose to the position of Minister of Crime. [25] Kong He died when Confucius was three years old, and Confucius was raised by his mother Yan Zhengzai ( 顏 徵 在) in poverty. [19] His mother later died at less than 40 years of age. [19] At age 19, he married Lady Qiguan ( 亓官氏), and a year later the couple had their first child, their son Kong Li ( 孔鯉). [19] Qiguan and Confucius later had two daughters together, one of whom is thought to have died as a child and one was named Kong Jiao ( 孔姣). [20] Nivison, David Shepherd (1999). "The Classical Philosophical Writings – Confucius". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 752–759. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.Knechtges, David R.; Shih, Hsiang-ling (2010). " Lunyu 論語". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One. Leiden: Brill. pp.645–650. ISBN 978-90-04-19127-3. Archived from the original on 2021-06-20 . Retrieved 2018-10-27. During his return, Confucius sometimes acted as an advisor to several government officials in Lu, including Ji Kangzi, on matters including governance and crime. [40] The influence of Confucius has been observed on multiple Western thinkers, including Niels Bohr, [73] [74] [75] Benjamin Franklin, [76] [77] [78] Allen Ginsberg, [79] [80] [81] Thomas Jefferson, [82] [83] [84] Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Robert Cummings Neville, Alexander Pope, [85] [86] Ezra Pound, François Quesnay, Friedrich Schiller, [87] [88] [89] Voltaire, [90] [91] [92] and Christian Wolff. In Taiwan, where the Nationalist Party ( Kuomintang) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of the memorial ceremony of Confucius ( 祭孔) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as Father's Day or Christmas Day do in the Western world. [ citation needed] Hobson, John M. (2004). The Eastern origins of Western civilisation (Reprinteded.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54724-6.