Hochberg MC, Martel-Pelletier J, Monfort J, et al. Combined chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for painful knee osteoarthritis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial versus celecoxib. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(1):37-44. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206792 National Institutes of Health: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Glucosamine and chondroitin for osteoarthritis. Anari H, Enteshari-Moghaddam A, Abdolzadeh Y. Association between serum Vitamin D deficiency and Knee Osteoarthritis. Mediterr J Rheumatol. 2020;30(4):216-219. doi:10.31138/mjr.30.4.216 Manufactured by the world’s largest equine veterinary health company, Equitop GLME contains high quality green-lipped mussel extract (GLME), which provides nutrients to support optimal joint health. It is tested free of prohibited substances and can be used confidently in competition. Soliman F, Ye L, Jiang W, Hargest R. Targeting hyaluronic acid and peritoneal dissemination in colorectal cancer. Clinical Colorectal Cancer. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2021.11.008

Abdulkareem AA, Al Marah ZA, Abdulbaqi HR, Alshaeli AJ, Milward MR. A randomized double‐blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of chlorhexidine, antioxidant, and hyaluronic acid mouthwashes in the management of biofilm‐induced gingivitis. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2020;18(3):268-277. doi:10.1111/idh.12432 Oe M, Tashiro T, Yoshida H, et al. Oral hyaluronan relieves knee pain: a review. Nutrition Journal. 2015;15(1). doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0128-2 This supplement combines the soothing power of green-lipped mussel with other key ingredients to offer short- and long-term support for joint health in horses and ponies. The key active ingredient, a patented green-lipped mussel extract, contains high levels of omega-3 that are known for their natural soothing properties. Glucosamine, MSM and HA help with the long-term maintenance of connective tissue. Whether you are an athlete or simply looking for joint support, you might want to explore our multiple options below. Chondroitin supplements come in various forms, including chondroitin tablets, chondroitin patches and chondroitin liquid. These are often combined with substances called glucosamine and MSM.Every serving contains 1000mg of 2KCL Glucosamine Sulphate, 200mg of Chondroitin Sulphate, 100mg of Vitamin C, 50mg of Turmeric Powder, 36 mg of 20:1 Ginger Extract, 4mg of 20:1 Rosehip Extract.. Marinho A, Nunes C, Reis S. Hyaluronic acid: a key ingredient in the therapy of inflammation. Biomolecules. 2021;11(10):1518. doi:10.3390/biom11101518‌ Kishimoto Y, Yoshida H, Kondo K. Potential anti-atherosclerotic properties of astaxanthin. Mar Drugs. Feb 5 2016;14(2):35. doi:10.3390/md14020035

This new and improved formula has increased levels of high-strength Glucosamine, MSM and omega-3, providing even more support, encouraging joint health and muscle recovery. This high-specification formula contains a 10:10:4 ratio of glucosamine HCL, MSM and chondroitin, with no additives or bulking agents.

What does glucosamine do?

Another possible mechanism of action regards the N-acetyl glucosamine, which is the monosaccharide that comprises HA together with D-glucuronic acid. N-acetyl glucosamine is converted into glucosamine in the cells by the actions of lysosomal enzymes, which permit the chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of glucosamine described in the dedicated paragraph [ 105]. HA treatment stimulated proteoglycan synthesis (such as aggrecan), reducing the progression of OA [ 106]. In the second series of experiments (N = 6 patients) we investigated the effect of different GlcN concentrations on HA production. We also investigated the effect of glucose (Gluc) concentrations similar to that of GlcN on HA production, since in vivo GlcN is being formed from Gluc. Finally, in the second series of experiments the effect of GlcN and Gluc on HAS gene expression was studied. In this second series of experiments the culture medium was supplemented with GlcN-HCl or Gluc (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at 0.5 mM and 5 mM, respectively. In all experiments the culture medium without GlcN or extra Gluc supplementation was used as a control. Limited evidence suggests that vitamin D acts indirectly on osteoclasts through the activation of the abovementioned RANKL signaling, increasing bone resorption [ 137]. In the first series of experiments (N = 6 patients) the effect of different GlcN derivatives on HA production was studied. Therefore, the culture medium was supplemented with GlcN-HCl (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) or GlcN-Ac (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at 5 mM. The results of animal experiments using radiolabeled HA clearly demonstrated that oral HA would indeed be absorbed and distributed to the skin, bone, and synovial joints and would be retained in those tissues for prolonged periods [ 109]. In agreement with these findings, RCTs in humans showed that oral supplementation with this molecule can reach the blood and can be distributed to the skin and joints, preserving its biological activities [ 101].

The only joint supplement in the UK with a published peer-reviewed paper in The Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, it contains optimum levels of scientifically proven ingredients, including glucosamine HCl, chondroitin sulphate, MSM and Hyaluronic Acid. A pelleted supplement that supports the nutritional maintenance of your horse’s musculoskeletal system, designed to support healthy joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments. Also contains herbs from Dodson & Horrell Mobility. Glucosamine and chondroitin act first as anti-inflammatory agents. A study conducted in rats treated with different dosages of glucosamine (20, 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg/day) showed, by the 6th day, the capability of this substance to reduce the levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, also preventing the increase in plasma nitrite levels [ 35]. Similar results were obtained by Li et al., and Waly et al., on mice with monosodium iodoacetate-induced OA in which glucosamine was shown to downregulate serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and C-reactive protein levels and upregulate the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IL-10 levels [ 17, 18]. Oral glucosamine administration is able to suppress the early increase in tumor grown factor (TGF)-β levels in monosodium iodoacetate-induced OA rats [ 17]. Nevertheless, the precise role of TGF-β in different stages of OA is still unclear as well as the effects of glucosamine on this function required further confirmations [ 17]. Glucosamine appears to also have immune-modulatory activity by inhibiting the expression and/or activity of catabolic enzymes, such as phospholipase A2, MMPs, or aggrecanases [ 36].

Joint vitamins: Jointace

The first proposed HA mechanism of action regards chondroprotection. HA has been shown to reduce chondrocyte apoptosis, while increasing chondrocyte proliferation [ 98]. This phenomenon is possible through HA binding to cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) receptors that cause inhibition of interleukin (IL)-1β expression and a decline in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)−1, 2, 3, 9, and 13 production [ 99]. HA also binds to the receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM), which is thought to aid in chondroprotection in addition to CD44 binding [ 92]. In addition, it may affect the subchondral bone by the suppression of MMP-13 and IL-6 via CD44 binding [ 100]. The suppression of MMP-13 expression has been suggested to be a critical factor in the effect on OA subchondral bone [ 93]. Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ. Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and safety of a novel dietary supplement. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):290. doi:10.3390/nu9030290 Cancer: Hyaluronic acid has been shown to facilitate metastasis in colorectal cancer in laboratory models. However, it is unclear how this may translate into “real-life” settings. If you have a history of cancer, do not use hyaluronic acid supplements without consulting your healthcare provider. Another important activity of both chondroitin and glucosamine concerns its antioxidant properties, which have been reported in several in vitro models [ 21]. Even though glucosamine hydrochloride and glucosamine sulphate possess antioxidant activity, glucosamine sulphate shows greater antioxidant and radical scavenging activities compared with glucosamine hydrochloride [ 39].