a b The Dark Side of the West, Conference "Nato Secret Armies and P-26," ETH Zurich, 2005. Published 10 February 2005. Retrieved February 7, 2007. Within its secrecy, Gladio wore many masks and profoundly modified its social purpose. It conducted activities not envisioned at its birth, and expanded its areas of intervention. More specifically the parliamentary inquiry concerning militia-activity (1980) and combatting serious crime and terrorism (1988), ( more).

Gladio: the Story of a Conspiracy - CounterPunch.org Gladio: the Story of a Conspiracy - CounterPunch.org

In Italy, Operation Gladio became a particularly controversial subject . Claims emerged that the Italian wing of Gladio got into domestic terrorism and political machinations.Leo A. Müller, Gladio. Das Erbe des kalten Krieges, 1991, RoRoRo-Taschenbuch Aktuell no 12993 ( ISBN 3499 129930). (in German) The Italian NATO stay-behind organization, dubbed "Gladio", was set up under Minister of Defense (from 1953 to 1958) Paolo Taviani's ( DC) supervision. [20] Gladio's existence came to public knowledge when Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti revealed it to the Chamber of Deputies on 24 October 1990, although far-right terrorist Vincenzo Vinciguerra had already revealed its existence during his 1984 trial. According to media analyst Edward S. Herman, "both the President of Italy, Francesco Cossiga, and Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, had been involved in the Gladio organization and coverup..." [21] [22] [23] [ verification needed] Given this, the debate about its legitimacy was focused almost exclusively on its foundational purpose, one to be understood within the historical context that necessitated its creation: and thus, it was forgivable. Christian Democrat Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti publicly recognized the existence of Gladio on 24 October 1990. Andreotti spoke of a "structure of information, response and safeguard", with arms caches and reserve officers. He gave to the Commissione Stragi [26] a list of 622 civilians who according to him were part of Gladio. Andreotti also stated that 127 weapons caches had been dismantled, and said that Gladio had not been involved in any of the bombings committed from the 1960s to the 1980s. A first level, formed by elements that would remain in occupied territory. They were to be difficult to detect, “unsuspectable”, gathered in cell structures, and subdivided by operational specialisation;

Chapter 6: Operation Gladio: How NATO Conducted a Secret War

To this end, the American intelligence services suggested that some elements of Italian intelligence take part in a training course on counter-insurgency operations organised by the U.S. Army Special Warfare School in Fort Bragg (North Carolina). The response of the Italian intelligence services is not known. In the documents, nevertheless, we can at least find records of training activities dedicated to the planning of insurgency and counter-insurgency operations, which occurred in Trieste between the 15th and 24th of April 1966 and code named ‘Operation Dolphin’. Olav Riste (1999). The Norwegian Intelligence Service: 1945–1970. Routledge. pp.45–48 (New problems with NATO). ISBN 978-0-7146-4900-9.As one of the nations that prompted the Truman Doctrine, Turkey is one of the first countries to participate in Operation Gladio and, some [ who?] say, the only country where it has not been purged. [59] The counter-guerrillas' existence in Turkey was revealed in 1973 by then-prime minister Bülent Ecevit. [60]

Foreword xi - libcom.org

Ferraresi, Franco (1997). Threats to Democracy: the Radical Right in Italy after the War. Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press, p. 87. ISBN 9780691044996 Andreas Anton, Michael Schetsche, Michael K. Walter Konspiration p. 175, Springer VS 2014, ISBN 978-3-531-19324-3 Even the planning and preparation of clandestine networks in areas of the country most vulnerable to invasion falls within the duties of the State. But the protection of the clandestine nature necessitated by these networks does not mean that they should be clandestine to the very same institutions within which they operate. The creation of these networks must always occur formally, respecting the law and the Constitution. To keep them covert is an entirely different question. Accusations emerged that Gladio’s Greek wing had connections to extremist elements within the military and may have played a role in supporting the oppressive regime.

Regine Igel, Andreotti. Politik zwischen Geheimdienst und Mafia, 1997, Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, Munich ( ISBN 3-7766-1951-1). (in German) CARLISMO MONTEJURRA LIBERTAD Actos de Montejurra 2006". Montejurra-jurramendi.3a2.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2005. Amongst the papers of the 7th Division of SISMI acquired by the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry are two versions of the “Gladio/1” document, which differ only in their title. One version (which is commonly referred to in the field of official Gladio documentation and which appears to have been the same sent to the Committee by the Prime Minister on March 1, 1991) translates the English expression “restatement of agreements” as “re-elaboration of agreements”; in the other version the title was simply (and unfaithfully) translated as “agreement”. Fernandes, Desmond; Ozden, Iskender (Spring 2001). "United States and NATO Inspired 'Psychological Warfare Operations' Against The 'Kurdish Communist Threat' in Turkey" (PDF). Variant. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2023. However, the story of Operation Gladio is far from a heroic tale. Over time, allegations surfaced that these secret armies were involved in more than just preparing for potential invasions.

Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance between the Vatican Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance between the Vatican

Anna Laura Braghetti, Paola Tavella, Le Prisonnier. 55 jours avec Aldo Moro, 1999 (translated from Italian: Il Prigioniero), Éditions Denoël, Paris ( ISBN 2-207-24888-7) (in Italian and French)

Accusations of political manipulation, connection to terrorist acts, and more began to stain the legacy of this Cold War project. Italy: A Case Study BAE Systems Unveils New Counter-Drone Prototype for US Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle · 13 hours ago