Witch-hunts, scapegoating, and the shunning or murder of suspected witches still occurs. [43] Many cultures worldwide continue to have a belief in the concept of "witchcraft" or malevolent magic. [17] Green witches heavily involve nature in their practice, usually doing their spells and rituals in forests, mountains, or beaches – wherever they can – and growing their own herb gardens. They are interested in botany and strive to protect the planet and the environment to the best of their abilities. Grounding a b Ankarloo, Bengt; Clark, Stuart (2001). Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Biblical and Pagan Societies. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Philadelphia Press. ISBN 978-0826486066.

Kent, Elizabeth. "Masculinity and Male Witches in Old and New England." History Workshop 60 (2005): 69–92. a b c María Herrera-Sobek (2012). Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0313343391. a b Adler, Margot (2006). Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today. New York City: Penguin Books. OCLC 515560.

Pope, J.C. (1968). Homilies of Aelfric: a supplementary collection (Early English Text Society 260). Vol.II. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p.796.

Draconic witches follow dragon deities, similar to the gods and goddesses that are followed by other witches. They have their own slightly different set of ethics which they use to honour their deities. Dream Journal This term, “Akasha,” was later borrowed by Western occultists and is used in some Wiccan traditions to refer to “Spirit.” Other traditions use the term “Aether,” which was Aristotle’s addition to the original Greek system, and which had a similar meaning. The Classical Elements in ritual and magic—Elemental Magic Hoggard, Brian (2004). "The archaeology of counter-witchcraft and popular magic", in Beyond the Witch Trials: Witchcraft and Magic in Enlightenment Europe, Manchester University Press. p. 167 [ ISBNmissing]

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Campbell, Heather M., ed. (2011). The Emergence of Modern Europe: c. 1500 to 1788. Britannica Educational Publishing. p.27. ISBN 978-1615303434. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 . Retrieved 29 June 2013. It’s without a doubt that online spaces are becoming a petri dish of knowledge for this particular global community. The ability to share information like never before has been intrinsic to the growth of witchcraft, an art that by nature is an adaptation of old traditions into new diverse and flexible paths. The rise in technology has also been utilised by modern witches, who now use their laptops and phones to keep notes of their practices, some even going as far as to use microwaves to aid them in spellwork – more on microwaves can be read about in Shawn Robbins and Leanna Greenaway’s book Wiccapedia.

But the Greeks were hardly the only ones to grasp the idea of all things arising from a handful of natural phenomena. This concept is also found, in one form or another, in ancient Egypt and Babylonia, as well as in Hinduism, Buddhism, and religions within China and Japan. Eastern traditions differ slightly in their recognition of the Elements. For example, Chinese astrology distinguishes the Earth-based substances of Wood and Metal as individual Elements in their own right, while ancient Indian philosophy mirrors the original Greek system but adds Akasha—or “Space”—as a fifth Element. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Hutton, Ronald (2017). The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present. Yale University Press. Igwe, Leo (September–October 2020). "Accused Witches Burned, Killed in Nigeria". Skeptical Inquirer. Amherst, New York: Center for Inquiry. Geertz, Armin W. (Summer 2011). "Hopi Indian Witchcraft and Healing: On Good, Evil, and Gossip". American Indian Quarterly. 35 (3): 372–393. doi: 10.1353/aiq.2011.a447052. ISSN 0095-182X. OCLC 659388380. PMID 22069814. To the Hopis, witches or evil-hearted persons deliberately try to destroy social harmony by sowing discontent, doubt, and criticism through evil gossip as well as by actively combating medicine men. ... Admitting [he practiced witchcraft] could cost him his life and occult powerWe're in the middle of a witch moment': Hip witchcraft is on the rise in the US Misconceptions of witchcraft The concept of witchcraft and the belief in its existence have persisted throughout recorded history. According to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions there is "difficulty of defining ‘witches’ and ‘witchcraft’ across cultures—terms that, quite apart from their connotations in popular culture, may include an array of traditional or faith healing practices and are not easily defined". [16]

Meaney, Audrey L. (December 1984). "Æfric and Idolatry". Journal of Religious History. 13 (2): 119–135. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9809.1984.tb00191.x. Savage-Smith, Emilie (2004). Magic and Divination in Early Islam. Ashgate/Variorum. ISBN 978-0860787150. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 August 2020. Witchcraft is to me is self-empowerment and attunement with the divine," she said. "I've been able to find strength and courage." Negative images of witches within Western society came into view when religious leader, particularly Dominican inquisitors, took a skeptical approach toward witchcraft, thus beginning "the process of diabolization," said Conti. While some colonialists tried to eradicate witch hunting by introducing legislation to prohibit accusations of witchcraft, some of the countries where this was the case have formally recognized the existence of witchcraft via the law. This has produced an environment that encourages persecution of suspected witches. [88]Under the Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis of 81 BC, killing by veneficium carried the death penalty. During the early Imperial era, the Lex Cornelia began to be used more broadly against other kinds of magic, [1] :59-66 including sacrifices made for evil purposes. The magicians were to be burnt at the stake. [119]