The last stage of childhood, adolescence, marks the onset of puberty and the eventual beginning of adulthood. Hegemonic masculinity then positions some boys, and all girls, as subordinate or inferior to others. [35] Bullying is another avenue in which young men assert their dominance over less "masculine" boys. In this bullying schema, adolescent boys are motivated to be at the top of the scale by engaging in more risk taking activities as well. Oftentimes bullying is motivated by social constructs and generalized ideas of what a young man should be. Gendered sexuality in adolescence refers to the role gender takes in the adolescent's life and how it is informed by and impacts others' perceptions of their sexuality. This can lead to gay bashing and other forms of discrimination if young men seem not to perform the appropriate masculinity.

Masculinities - Gender Matters - The Council of Europe Masculinities - Gender Matters - The Council of Europe

In contemporary American and European culture, [hegemonic masculinity] serves as the standard upon which the "real man" is defined. According to [R.W.] Connell, contemporary hegemonic masculinity is built on two legs, domination of women and a hierarchy of intermale dominance. It is also shaped to a significant extent by the stigmatization of homosexuality. Hegemonic masculinity is the stereotypic notion of masculinity that shapes the socialization and aspirations of young males. Today’s hegemonic masculinity in the United States of America and Europe includes a high degree of ruthless competition, an inability to express emotions other than anger, an unwillingness to admit weakness or dependency, devaluation of women and all feminine attributes in men, homophobia, and so forth. [6] History [ edit ] Early criticisms of the concept raised the question of who actually represents hegemonic masculinity. [3] Many men who hold great social power do not embody other aspects of ideal masculinity. Patricia Yancey Martin [22] criticizes the concept for leading to inconsistent applications sometimes referring to a fixed type and other times to whatever the dominant form is. Margaret Wetherell and Nigel Edley [23] contend this concept fails to specify what conformity to hegemonic masculinity actually looks like in practice. Similarly Stephen M. Whitehead [24] suggests there is confusion over who actually is a hegemonically masculine man. Inspired by Gramsci's differentiation between hegemony as a form of ideological consent and dominance as an expression of conflict, Christian Groes-Green [25] has argued that when hegemonic masculinities are challenged in a society dominant masculinities are emerging based on bodily powers, such as violence and sexuality, rather than based on economic and social powers. Through examples from his fieldwork among youth in Maputo, Mozambique he shows that this change is related to social polarization, new class identities and the undermining of breadwinner roles and ideologies in a neoliberal economy. Williams-Brooks, Llewellyn (2016). "Radical Theories of Capitalism in Australia: Towards a Historiography of the Australian New Left", Honours Thesis, University of Sydney, viewed 20 April 2017, https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/16655

a b Whitehead, Stephen M. (2002). Men and masculinities: key themes and new directions. Cambridge Malden, Massachusetts: Polity Press. ISBN 9780745624679.

Masculinity/ Masculinities – Literary Theory and Criticism Masculinity/ Masculinities – Literary Theory and Criticism

Another concept that troubles the gender binary is the idea of multiple masculinities (Connell, 2005). Connell suggests that there is more than one kind of masculinity and what is considered “masculine” differs by race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, and gender. For example, being knowledgeable about computers might be understood as masculine because it can help a person accumulate income and wealth, and we consider wealth to be masculine. However, computer knowledge only translates into “masculinity” for certain men. While an Asian-American, middle-class man might get a boost in “masculinity points” (as it were) for his high-paying job with computers, the same might not be true for a working-class white man whose white-collar desk job may be seen as a weakness to his masculinity by other working-class men. Expectations for masculinity differ by age; what it means to be a man at 19 is very different than what it means to be a man at 70. Therefore, masculinity intersects with other identities and expectations change accordingly. Burton Nelson, Mariah (1994). The stronger women get, the more men love football: sexism and the American culture of sports. New York: Harcourt Brace. ISBN 9780151813933. Connell, Raewyn (2010). "Periphery and Metropole in the History of Sociology". Sociologisk Forskning. 47 (1): 72–86. doi: 10.37062/sf.47.18449. JSTOR 20853698. S2CID 145270318.Review of: Martin, Barbara (2011). Children at play: learning gender in the early years. Stoke-on-Trent Sterling, Virginia: Trentham Books. ISBN 9781858564845. masculinity uses conceptual frameworks derived from the global North. This paper discusses the significance of The conceptual beginnings of hegemonic masculinity represented the culturally idealized form of manhood that was socially and hierarchically exclusive and concerned with bread-winning; that was anxiety-provoking and differentiated (internally and hierarchically); that was brutal and violent, pseudo-natural and tough, psychologically contradictory, and thus crisis-prone; economically rich and socially sustained. [5] However, many sociologists criticized that definition of hegemonic masculinity as a fixed character-type, which is analytically limited, because it excludes the complexity of different, and competing, forms of masculinity. [1] [3] Consequently, hegemonic masculinity was reformulated to include gender hierarchy, the geography of masculine configurations, the processes of social embodiment, and the psycho-social dynamics of the varieties of masculinity. Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. Cambridge: Polity.

Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept - JSTOR Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept - JSTOR

Hennen, P. (2005). Bear bodies, bear masculinity: Recuperation, resistance, or retreat? Gender and Society, 19(1), 25–43. a b Kupers, Terry A. (June 2005). "Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 61 (6): 713–724. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.600.7208. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20105. PMID 15732090.

a b Collier, Richard (1998). Masculinities, crime, and criminology: men, heterosexuality, and the criminal(ised) other. London Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. ISBN 9780803979970.