Bearman, C. J. (December 2007). "An Army without Discipline? Suffragette Militancy and the Budget Crisis of 1909". The Historical Journal. 50 (4): 861–889. doi: 10.1017/S0018246X07006413. JSTOR 20175131. The Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association chose the bluebird as their symbol leading up to a 1915 state referendum on women’s access to the vote. On Suffrage Blue Bird Day (July 19, 1915) as many as 100,000 of these tin bluebird signs were displayed across the state. The 1915 Massachusetts referendum failed, and women did not get the vote in Massachusetts until the passage of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution.[1] Animals: Cats and Dogs I did it deliberately and with all my power, because I felt that by nothing but the sacrifice of human life would the nation be brought to realise the horrible torture our women face! If I had succeeded I am sure that forcible feeding could not in all conscience have been resorted to again. [57] Foot, Paul (2005). The Vote: How it Was Won, and How it Was Undermined. London: Viking. ISBN 978-0-6709-1536-1.

Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (2000). "Reclaiming the Political: Women and the Social History of Suffrage in Great Britain, France, and the United States". Journal of Women's History. 12 (1): 172–181. doi: 10.1353/jowh.2000.0023. S2CID 143508331. Although non-historians often assumed the WSPU was primarily responsible for obtaining women's suffrage, historians are much more skeptical about its contribution. It is generally agreed that the WSPU revitalized the suffrage campaign initially, but that its escalation of militancy after 1912 impeded reform. Recent studies have shifted from claiming that the WSPU was responsible for women's suffrage to portraying it as an early form of radical feminism that sought to liberate women from a male-centered gender system. First World War [ edit ] Later that year Leigh Smith Bodichon formed the first Women's Suffrage Committee and within a fortnight collected nearly 1,500 signatures in favour of female suffrage in advance to the second Reform Bill. [14] Although the Isle of Man (a British Crown dependency) had enfranchised women who owned property to vote in parliamentary (Tynwald) elections in 1881, New Zealand was the first self-governing country to grant all women the right to vote in 1893, when women over the age of 21 were permitted to vote in all parliamentary elections. [6] Women in South Australia achieved the same right and became the first to obtain the right to stand for parliament in 1895. [9] In the United States, women over the age of 21 were allowed to vote in the western territoriesof Wyoming from 1869 and Utah from 1870, as well as in the states of Colorado and Idaho from 1893 and 1896 respectively. [10] [11] British suffragettes [ edit ]

The suffragist movement during WWI

At the time of Davison's studies, Holloway was not a constituent school of the University of London and could not award degrees, so her studies were for the qualification of the Oxford Honour School. [10]

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 led to a suspension of party politics, including the militant suffragette campaigns. Lobbying did take place quietly. In 1918 a coalition government passed the Representation of the People Act 1918, enfranchising all men over 21, as well as all women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications. This act was the first to include almost all adult men in the political system and began the inclusion of women, extending the franchise by 5.6 million men [2] and 8.4 million women. [3] In 1928 the Conservative government passed the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 equalizing the franchise to all persons, male and female, over the age of 21. Morley, Ann; Stanley, Liz (1988). The Life and Death of Emily Wilding Davison. London: The Women's Press. ISBN 978-0-7043-4133-3. Purvis, June (2002). Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography. London: Routledge. p.357. ISBN 0-415-23978-8.a b Hughes, Ivor (March 2009). "Suffragette Jewelry, Or Is It?". Antiques Journal. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2012. In the same year that John Stuart Mill was elected (1865), the first ladies' discussion society, Kensington Society, was formed, debating whether women should be involved in public affairs. [13] Although a society for suffrage was proposed, this was turned down on the grounds that it might be taken over by extremists. Purvis, June (1995a). "The Prison Experiences of the Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain". Women's History Review. 4 (1): 103–133. doi: 10.1080/09612029500200073.