In Kerr’s et al. study [ 39], 67.6% professional athletes did not report injury because they did not want to be withheld from future game or practice. This study supports the view that self-expectation influences their injury-reporting behaviour, especially in countries where success at the university level of high-performance sport can facilitate an entry into a professional sporting career. This is validated by the fact that there is a practice among some professional rugby players to cheat on their return-to-play protocol after suffering brain injury by falsifying their cognitive tests for detecting brain injury [ 74, 75]. It is essential for the OSH philosophy to prevail by aiming at improving elite athletes’ attitudes towards both current safety at work and long-term health which may, in turn, lead to the protection of their wellbeing. Burden of Proof: Asserting that the speaker does not need to prove his points but, rather, that the burden is on the listener to disprove them. Ask yourself: “Do I really need to make this decision today?” If not, extend or eliminate arbitrary deadlines. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of personality, 1(3), 141-169.

Fedor A, Gunstad J. Limited knowledge of concussion symptoms in college athletes. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2015;22(2):108–13. Time pressure. An externally mandated or self-imposed deadline increases psychological arousal, which then prevents you from finding and applying relevant information to make a decision. So, you may overrely on simple decision rules (such as “Strategies that worked before will help me now”).Minister for Workplace Safety and Industrial Relations—Chief Minister TaEDD. Work Health and Safety Act 2011. Government Act; 2018. A retrospective analysis of data collected from 1833 American footballers between 2005 and 2010 from 8 collegiate teams found that a helmet is the primary item of equipment used to protect a player from head-related injury and may reduce the risk of sustaining a concussion [ 106]. Similar results have been observed by another three-year prospective cohort study with 2141 high school American football players [ 107]. It has been reported that the implementation of National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) helmet standards in American football have resulted in an 88% decrease in serious head injury: this resulted in an average of only 0.51/100,000 players during the 2002–2006 seasons compared to that an estimated average 4.25/100,000 players in the 1964–68 era [ 108]. However, the effect of helmet use on brain injury risk in some sports is still contentious according to a systematic review conducted by Benson [ 109]. Part of what had drawn Gates to the Republican Party was the Reagan-era doctrine of confronting totalitarianism. He’d long had a fascination with emerging democracies, particularly the former Soviet republics. He had come up with what he admits was a “kooky” retirement plan—“to go to some place like Uzbekistan and help.” He told me, “I’d always thought that, if I had a tragic end, it would be in some place like Tajikistan.” He shook his head. “If you had told me, ‘You’re going to be doing this in the U.S.,’ I would have told you, ‘You’re crazy.’ ”

Game of Shadows meets Shoe Dog in this explosive behind-the-scenes look that reveals for the first time the unsettling details of Nike's secret running program—the Nike Oregon Project.

In our sport, abuse is normal

An organisation’s OSH system will not be effective without a positive safety culture [ 119]. Safety culture consists of shared values, attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs that drive decisions and behaviours regarding safety [ 120], and can be manifested by human workplace behaviours in the organisation as a part of organisational culture [ 121, 122]. When a positive safety management culture that is fostered by all in an organisation, positive behavioural change that is measurable ensues, this would also potentially be equally true in any sporting organisation that places an emphasis on safety. Safety culture in sport A representative for the national Republican Party tried to silence Gates when he spoke out to defend the integrity of Arizona’s election. He told me that Hoffman’s ally Tyler Bowyer, of the Republican National Committee, paid him a visit and warned, “You need to stop it.” According to Gates, Bowyer made it clear that “the Republican National Committee supports this audit.” Andrew Kolvet, a spokesman for Bowyer, denied that the visit was an official attempt at intimidation, calling it instead a “personal courtesy.” Guidance on ALARP Decisions in COMAH. [cited 2018 Jan]; Available from: http://www.hse.gov.uk/foi/internalops/hid_circs/permissioning/spc_perm_37/.

Blank C, Leichtfried V, Schaiter R, Fuerhapter C, Mueller D, Schobersberger W. Doping in sports: knowledge and attitudes among parents of Austrian junior athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(1):116–24. Onyeaso CO, Adegbesan OA. Knowledge and attitudes of coaches of secondary school athletes in Ibadan, Nigeria regarding oro-facial injuries and mouthguard use by the athletes. Dent Traumatol. 2003;19(4):204–8.

at ˈall costs

Dehumanizing: Classifying others as inferior, dangerous or evil to justify oppressing or eliminating them. Zech A, Wellmann K. Perceptions of football players regarding injury risk factors and