McIntosh, P. (2007). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondence through work in women’s studies. In M. L. Andersen & P. H. Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender: An anthology (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Miller, D. I. & Halpern, D. F. The new science of cognitive sex differences. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18, 37–45 (2014).

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Lejbak, L., Vrbancic, M., & Crossley, M. (2009). The female advantage in object location memory is robust to verbalizability and mode of presentation of test stimuli. Brain and Cognition, 69(1), 148–153. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.06.006 Alonso-Recio, L., Martín-Plasencia, P., Loeches-Alonso, Á., & Serrano-Rodríguez, J. M. (2014). Working memory and facial expression recognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(5), 496–505. doi: 10.1017/S1355617714000265

Because year of publication was coded routinely, it was included as a potential moderator. This factor often is interpreted as an indirect way to assess how social changes might promote fluctuations in sex differences (Feingold, 1988). Measure level variables Thomas, J. R. & French, K. E. Gender differences across age in motor performance a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 98, 260–282 (1985). Craik, K. J. W. Theory of the human operator in control systems: The operator as an engineering system. Br. J. Psychol. Gen. Sect. 38, 56–61 (1947). The specific criteria used in making inclusion decisions required studies to have both male and female participants. A study had to report on at least one task that reflected a pure measure of visual-spatial working memory. Determining whether a task measured visual-spatial working memory was based on the theory-neutral definition we presented earlier: Visual-spatial working memory refers to the processes involved in the storage of spatial or visual information over a limited period of time. Bateman, I., & Jones, L. P. (2003). Contrasting conventional with multi-level modeling approaches to meta-analysis: Expectation consistency in U.K. woodland recreation values. Land Economics, 79, 235–258.

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Srinivasan, D., Sinden, K. E., Mathiassen, S. E. & Côté, J. N. Gender differences in fatigability and muscle activity responses to a short-cycle repetitive task. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 116, 2357–2365 (2016). Dane, S. & Erzurumluoglu, A. Sex and handedness differences in eye-hand visual reaction times in handball players. Int. J. Neurosci. 113, 923–929 (2003). Findings of the subgroup analysis showed that the fixed-effects model could not be rejected in the memory for location and memory for token tasks. This testifies to the consistency of the female advantage in location tasks and male advantage for token tasks. The results are particularly interesting in memory for location, because they seem not to fit with the rest of the data, as discussed earlier. It is legitimate to state that such tasks produce significant and consistent sex differences in favor of females. Balasubramanian, S., Melendez-Calderon, A., Roby-Brami, A. & Burdet, E. On the analysis of movement smoothness. J. NeuroEng. Rehabil. 12, 112 (2015).

Kaufman, S. B. (2007). Sex differences in mental rotation and spatial visualization ability: Can they be accounted for by differences in working memory capacity? Intelligence, 35(3), 211–223. doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2006.07.009 Ingalhalikar, M. et al. Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 111, 823–828 (2014).With 25 samples (36 effect sizes), the data obtained with tasks measuring memory for patterns were analyzed with multilevel modeling. However, this analysis failed to reveal any moderator accounting for significant variance in effect sizes (all p> 0.24), despite a significant variance component, χ 2(24) = 59.02, p< 0.001. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. doi: 10.1002/9780470743386 Watson, N. V. & Kimura, D. Right-hand superiority for throwing but not for intercepting. Neuropsychologia 27, 1399–1414 (1989). Minor, K., & Park, S. (1999). Spatial working memory: Absence of gender differences in schizophrenia patients and healthy control subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 46(7), 1003–1005. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00149-3 Misra, N., Mahajan, K. K. & Maini, B. K. Comparative study of visual and auditory reaction time of hands and feet in males and females. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 29, 213–218 (1985).