Oncag, O., Cogulu, D., Uzel, A., and Sorkun, K. Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis. Gen.Dent 2006;54(5):319-322. View abstract. Vynograd N, Vynograd I, Sosnowski Z. A comparative multi-centre study of the efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment of genital herpes (HSV). Phytomedicine 2000;7:1-6. View abstract. Steinberg, D., Kaine, G., and Gedalia, I. Antibacterial effect of propolis and honey on oral bacteria. Am.J.Dent. 1996;9(6):236-239. View abstract. Focht, J., Hansen, S. H., Nielsen, J. V., and et al. Bactericidal effect of propolis in vitro against agents causing upper respiratory tract infections. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43(8):921-923. View abstract. In one case, ingestion of propolis-enriched honey as a capsule had no effect despite cheilitis/perioral eczema and positive patch test to honey and propolis.

Koo HJ, Lee KR, Kim HS, Lee BM. Detoxification effects of aloe polysaccharide and propolis on the urinary excretion of metabolites in smokers. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019;130:99-108. View abstract. Tsarev, N. I., Petrik, E. V., and Aleksandrova, V. I. [Use of propolis in the treatment of local suppurative infection]. Vestn.Khir.Im I I Grek. 1985;134(5):119-122. View abstract. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report published on the antioxidant activity of Indian propolis extract and its chemical constituent's pinocembrin and galangin. In all the antioxidant assay systems, aqueous extract of propolis (AEP) showed higher activity compared to the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP). This may be due to its higher polyphenols content. So, AEP can be a good substitute of ethanol extract. Moreover, it can be used in prevention of various free radical related diseases. Galangin also showed comparable activity with that of AEP and EEP and highest activity than pinocembrin. This is due to structural differences between these two compounds. Further research is underway to analyze the constituents of AEP and their antioxidant activity [ 18].

Bruyère F, Azzouzi AR, Lavigne JP, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of a combination of propolis and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) (DUAB®) in preventing low urinary tract infection recurrence in women complaining of recurrent cystitis. Urol Int 2019;103(1):41-8. View abstract. Antunes Moura RT, Bueno NB, Silva-Neto LGR, et al. Red propolis supplementation does not decrease acute respiratory events in stunted preschool children: A paired nonrandomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022;50:264-9. View abstract. Roy et al. extended pinocembrin and galangin in the rapid synthesis of stable Ag and Au nanoparticles having wide spectrum of fascinating morphologies. Both of these two extracts were found to be extremely efficient in the synthesis of Ag and Au nanoparticles under alkaline condition for a given metal ion precursor; the kinetics of a particle synthesis were remarkably similar in all the cases, as it is evident from the absorption spectra monitored over time [ 19].

Ryu CS, Oh SJ, Oh JM, et al. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by propolis in human liver microsomes. Toxicol Res 2016;32(3):207-13. View abstract. Treatments Find every kind of best treatment near you, We British Chemist UK online pharmacy retailer and registered pharmacy with the MHRA and GPhC. Davoodi SH, Yousefinejad V, Ghaderi B, et al. Oral propolis, nutritional status and quality of life with chemotherapy for breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(6):2029-2037. View abstract.

Arenberger P, Arenbergerova M, Hladíková M, Holcova S, Ottillinger B. Comparative Study with a Lip Balm Containing 0.5% Propolis Special Extract GH 2002 versus 5% Aciclovir Cream in Patients with Herpes Labialis in the Papular/Erythematous Stage: A Single-blind, Randomized, Two-arm Study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2017;88:1-7. View abstract.

Tsuchiya Y, Hirata N, Asama T, Osakabe N, Hirata K, Akagi R. Can a short-term daily oral administration of propolis improve muscle fatigue and recovery? Int J Sports Med. 2022;43(10):859-64. View abstract. Soleimani D, Miryan M, Hadi V, et al. Effect of propolis supplementation on athletic performance, body composition, inflammation, and oxidative stress following intense exercise: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Food Sci Nutr 2021;9(7):3631-40. View abstract. Data from studies concerning antibacterial properties of propolis support the fact that propolis is active mainly against Gram-positive bacteria in and shows lower activity against the Gram-negative ones at small quantity or is inactive at all [ 7, 35, 37– 41]. Such results can be seen in the work of Kujumgiev et al. (1999) who tested propolis samples from different geographic regions (tropical and temperate zones) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. All the extracts displayed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus but none was active against E. coli; it is also relevant that all the 12 samples tested, from different origins, showed the same effect.S. auricularis, S. capitis, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. mutans, and S. warnerii) Mahmoud, A. S., Almas, K., and Dahlan, A. A. The effect of propolis on dentinal hypersensitivity and level of satisfaction among patients from a university hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Indian J Dent.Res 1999;10(4):130-137. View abstract.

Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Tutunchi H, Khoshbaten M, Nazari Bonab H, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. Propolis supplementation in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, liver function, anthropometric indices and meta-inflammation. Food Funct. 2022;13(22):11568-78. View abstract. Li YJ, Lin JL, Yang CW, Yu CC. Acute renal failure induced by a Brazilian variety of propolis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:e125-9. View abstract. Samadi N, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Rahmanian M, Askarishahi M. Effects of bee propolis supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and insulin resistance indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Integr Med. 2017;15(2):124-134. View abstract. Hay KD, Greig DE. Propolis allergy: a cause of oral mucositis with ulceration. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990;70:584-6. View abstract.

The potent antioxidant mix of propolis appears to be particularly effective at reducing the risk of cancer. While more studies need to be done on the subject, current research suggests that propolis may help reduce cancer proliferation and moderate the immune system’s response to cancer cells. S. cricetus, S. faecalis, S. Pneumonia, S. pyogenes, S. β-haemolyticus, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and S. viridians)