Chandler, David G (1995). The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-02-523660-1. The radical change in the arrangement of the colours was probably proposed by the Vice President of the Republic Francesco Melzi d'Eril, who perhaps wanted to communicate, even from a symbolic point of view, the end of a phase of the history of Italy. [52] The decree of adoption of the historic Napoleonic flag, which is dated 20 August 1802, reads: [82] Organization and regulations for the National Guard of the Cisalpine Republic Map of northern and central Italy in 1799 There were several different designs of flags in use by the Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars Period. The first issue with which we are concerned was made in 1797. This was followed by further issues of new patterns in 1800, 1803 and 1813. Old patterns were not always promptly withdrawn and therefore some regiments were still carrying older issue patterns of flag long after the date of their official 'retirement'. In addition to the above, the Guards units always had slightly different designs of flags to those carried by the Line regiments. Also from 1806 some regiments were rewarded for deeds of valour by the award of 'Colours of St George', these were basically the 1803 pattern flags with extra gold inscriptions around the outer edges of the central cross. Throughout the period various flag staff colours were used, sometimes to denote specific regiments, I have included what information I have on this in the relevent sections. Spain used up the soldiers needed for Napoleon's other fields of battle, and they had to be replaced by conscripts. Spanish resistance affected Austria, and indicated the potential of national resistance. The provocations of Talleyrand and Britain strengthened the idea that the Austrians could emulate the Spanish. On 10 April 1809, Austria invaded France's ally, Bavaria. The campaign of 1809, however, would not be nearly as long and troublesome for France as the one in Spain and Portugal. Following a short and decisive action in Bavaria, Napoleon opened up the road to the Austrian capital of Vienna for a second time. At Aspern, Napoleon suffered his first serious tactical defeat, along with the death of Marshal Jean Lannes, an able commander and dear friend of the emperor. The victory at Wagram, however, forced Austria to sue for peace. The Treaty of Schönbrunn, signed on 14 December 1809, resulted in the annexation of the Illyrian Provinces and recognised past French conquests.

Napoleon attracted power and imperial status and gathered support for his changes of French institutions, such as the Concordat of 1801 which confirmed the Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its civil status. Napoleon by this time, however, thought himself more of an enlightened despot. He preserved numerous social gains of the Revolution while suppressing political liberty. He admired efficiency and strength and hated feudalism, religious intolerance, and civil inequality. After the adoption by the Bolognese congregation, the tricolour became a political symbol of the struggle for the independence of Italy from foreign powers, given its use also in the civil sphere, taking the name of "flag of the Italian revolution". [24] The subsequent adoption of the Italian flag by a state body, the Cispadane Republic, was inspired by this Bolognese banner, linked to a municipal reality and therefore still having a purely local breath, and to previous military banners of the Lombard and Italian Legions. which took place on January 7, 1797. [5] [36] The national flag of the Cispadane Republic [ edit ] The premises [ edit ] Two figures await the start of the historical reenactment of the battle of Montechiarugolo. different Viking flags based on Ian Heath's artwork for the Foundry Shield designs, which were based on contemporary carvings, descriptions and illustrations.Napoleon tried to succeed in the Iberian Peninsula as he had done in Italy, in the Netherlands, and in Hesse. However, the exile of the Spanish Royal Family to Bayonne, together with the enthroning of Joseph Bonaparte, turned the Spanish against Napoleon. After the Dos de Mayo riots and subsequent reprisals, the Spanish government began an effective guerrilla campaign, under the oversight of local Juntas. The Iberian Peninsula became a war zone from the Pyrenees to the Straits of Gibraltar and saw the Grande Armée facing the remnants of the Spanish Army, as well as British and Portuguese forces. General Pierre Dupont capitulated at Bailén to General Francisco Castaños, and Junot at Cintra, Portugal to General Arthur Wellesley. Dal verbale della Sessione XIV del Congresso Cispadano: Reggio Emilia, 7 gennaio 1797, ore 11. Sala Patriottica. Gli intervenuti sono 100, deputati delle popolazioni di Bologna, Ferrara, Modena e Reggio Emilia. Giuseppe Compagnoni fa pure mozione che si renda Universale lo Stendardo o Bandiera Cispadana di tre colori, Verde, Bianco e Rosso e che questi tre colori si usino anche nella Coccarda Cispadana, la quale debba portarsi da tutti. Viene decretato. [...] Units were further distinguished by the sword strap and knot. The strap and fringe was white, but the ball was: Battalion I recommend that you flood fill the 'transparent' colour with which I have surronded most of the flag images, usually light green or turquoise, with plain white before printing the flag sheets as white is easier to cover if you are inaccurate in your cutting out.

Colangeli, Oronzo (1965). Simboli e bandiere nella storia del Risorgimento italiano (PDF) (in Italian). Patron. SBN IT\ICCU\SBL\0395583.Marines consisted of four regiments with dark green facings piped white. In 1812 the shoulder straps were: 25 th – White, 26th – Yellow, 27 th – Green, 28 th –Red On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was given the title of " Emperor of the French" by the Senate; finally, on 2 December 1804, he was solemnly crowned, after receiving the Iron Crown of the Lombard kings, and was consecrated by Pope Pius VII in Notre-Dame de Paris. [c] From 16 to 18 October 1796, in Modena, a congress was held in which the delegates of Bologna, Ferrara, Modena and Reggio Emilia participated, which decreed the birth of the Cispadane Republic, with lawyer Antonio Aldini as president. This explains both the initial indifference to the adoption of the new flag, which left few certain traces of its origin, and the fact that initially, instead of adopting their own flag, many cities had raised the French tricolour. The new conquest was not, as in ancient times, "jealous" of its colours but proud that they were put on display, these being the symbols of a conquering army and a victorious people. [15] It is to the French flag that the documents, at least until October 1796, refer when they use the term "tricolour". [15]

With the transformation of the Cisalpine Republic into the Italian Republic (1802–1805), a state body that did not include the entire Italian peninsula and which was also directly dependent on Napoleonic France, the arrangement of the colours on the flag changed into a composition formed by a green square inserted in a white diamond, [79] in turn included in a red box. The Presidential standard of Italy in use since 14 October 2000 [80] [81] was inspired by this flag. more Pirate Flag designs by Kevin Dallimore: Thomas Tew, Richard Worley, Henry Every, Laurens De Graff, Kev's Killer Kutthroats, Jolly Roger, another Jolly Roger, Walther Kennedy, Christopher Condent and Sir Henry Morgan. The flags are historically accurate where I have found sufficient information and historically plausible where I have not. Where sources have conflicted I have followed my own preferences. In the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon swept away the remnants of the old Holy Roman Empire and created in southern Germany the vassal states of Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Saxony, which were reorganised into the Confederation of the Rhine. The Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December 1805, extracted extensive territorial concessions from Austria, on top of a large financial indemnity. Napoleon's creation of the Kingdom of Italy, the occupation of Ancona, and his annexation of Venetia and its former Adriatic territories marked a new stage in the French Empire's progress.

USING THE PRINTED FLAGS

Note: It seems that the majority of the following regiments did not receive flags until 1805 and those would probably be of the 1803 pattern, however I have included them here for completeness. texte, France Auteur du (23 January 1804). "Bulletin des lois de la République française". Gallica. Nature of Napoleon's rule [ edit ] Organigramme of the French Consulate and later the Empire The Napoleonic Code In subsequent meetings, which always took place in the "hall of the congress centumvirate" of Reggio, many decisions were decreed and formalized, including the choice of the emblem of the newly formed republic. [51] To put forward the proposal for the adoption of a green, white and red national flag was Giuseppe Compagnoni, who for this reason is remembered as the "father of the Italian flag", in the XIV session of the cispadane congress [52] of 7 January 1797. [51] [27] [53] The adoption decree states: [52] [54] [55] With the invasion of Napoleon's troops, the Duke of Modena and Reggio Francesco III d'Este fled and the Reggian Republic was proclaimed (26 August 1796). [37] At the same time the Civic Guard of the city of Reggio was constituted and this military formation, aided by a small group of French grenadiers, defeated a squad of 150 Austrian soldiers at Montechiarugolo on 4 October 1796. [37] The victory was important — both from a political and symbolic point of view — that Napoleon made an official commendation to the Reggio soldiers who were the protagonists of the battle. [38] For the armed clash of Montechiarugolo, Napoleon defined the city of Reggio Emilia as: [39]