Fever, chills, and red streaking from the rash might be symptoms of a serious infection requiring medical attention. The dermis is immediately deep to the epidermis and is tightly connected to it through a highly-corrugated dermo-epidermal junction. Hives on darker skin can appear raised or inflamed and might be slightly darker or lighter than your natural skin color. On lighter skin, hives usually appear red. Larese FF, D'Agostin F, Crosera M, Adami G, Renzi N, Bovenzi M, Maina G (January 2009). "Human skin penetration of silver nanoparticles through intact and damaged skin". Toxicology. 255 (1–2): 33–37. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.09.025. PMID 18973786.

Mammals have hair – strands of protein that grow out of the skin, and which keeps the animal warm by trapping warm air close to the skin. Even humans have tiny, vestigial hairs all over our bodies. Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, etal. (January 2015). "Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome". Science. 347 (6220): 1260419. doi: 10.1126/science.1260419. PMID 25613900. S2CID 802377. Symptoms of measles include fever, sore throat, red or watery eyes, loss of appetite, cough, and runny nose. Our skin and the sweat it secretes can also serve another purpose – acting as a signal to other animals. Many animals mark their territory with their own unique “scent markers” from glands in their skin. Those markers can even contain information about the animal’s age, gender, health, and availability to mate!Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD (1893). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-981176-0. Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury; see somatosensory system and haptics. Many animals have skin which produces colors and patterns specially designed to blend in with their surroundings and avoid being spotted. This is important for both predator and prey species. Prey species can’t be eaten if their predator cannot see them; and predators can’t be avoided if they are invisible to their prey. a b Marks, James G; Miller, Jeffery (2006). Lookingbill and Marks' Principles of Dermatology. (4th ed.). Elsevier Inc. ISBN 1-4160-3185-5.

The human skin is a rich environment for microbes. [37] [38] Around 1000 species of bacteria from 19 bacterial phyla have been found. [38] [37] Most come from only four phyla: Actinomycetota (51.8%), Bacillota (24.4%), Pseudomonadota (16.5%), and Bacteroidota (6.3%). Propionibacteria and Staphylococci species were the main species in sebaceous areas. There are three main ecological areas: moist, dry and sebaceous. In moist places on the body Corynebacteria together with Staphylococci dominate. In dry areas, there is a mixture of species but dominated by Betaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriales. Ecologically, sebaceous areas had greater species richness than moist and dry ones. The areas with least similarity between people in species were the spaces between fingers, the spaces between toes, axillae, and umbilical cord stump. Most similarly were beside the nostril, nares (inside Vitiligo is characterized by loss of pigment in the skin due to autoimmune destruction of the cells that give skin its color. Many animals store fat and water in the tissues of their skin. This allows these material to act as extra insulation while they are sitting around, waiting to be used. Cold sores usually look similar on any skin color but can also cause PIH in people with darker skin.Dermis and subcutaneous tissues are thought to contain germinative cells involved in formation of horns, osteoderm, and other extra-skeletal apparatus in mammals. [2] The hair follicles and sebaceous glands combine to form a pilosebaceous unit – which is only found on hirsute skin. Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defence; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system. [7] [35] Perspiration contains lysozyme that break the bonds within the cell walls of bacteria. [36] Scientists previously believed that the skin was an effective barrier to inorganic particles. Damage from mechanical stressors was believed to be the only way to increase its permeability. [52]