Payton, Brian (1981). Muller, Kenneth; Nicholls, John; Stent, Gunther (eds.). Neurobiology of the Leech. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. pp.27–34. ISBN 978-0-87969-146-2. If you find an oil that is intended for use on the penis and your doctor clears you to use an oil on your penis, do a patch test. To do this: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_Posadzki/publication/230768825_Adverse_effects_of_aromatherapy_A_systematic_review_of_case_reports_and_case_series/links/56641d4308ae418a786d3362.pdf

Rose essential oil: One 2014 study on rose oil showed that it helped sexual function in males with depressive conditions. Additionally, it helped participants with ED as an outcome of being treated with medications for depression and other mental health conditions; these medications are known as SSRIs. Khaki, A., Fathiazad, F., & Nouri, M. (2013, September). Effects of watermelon seed extract (Citrullus vulgaris) on spermatogenesis in rat. International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences, 1(3) L-arginine. An old 1997 study with rats suggested that L-arginine can reduce erectile dysfunction (ED) symptoms and make erections firmer, but the jury’s out on how effective it truly is. According to a small 1999 study, it’s no better than a placebo. Ginger: Ginger is used widely in alternative medicine for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. A study in 2014 found that daily ginger extract supplementation in mice stimulated the production of sperm after 22 days compared to a control group. Other studies found that ginger extracts reduced male infertility in rats.A pilot study (N=3) assessed benefit of hirudotherapy for treatment of nonhealing wounds. Both pain relief and healing of wounds were significant after as few as 2 applications.( Nair 2020) Dosing a b Sket, Boris; Trontelj, Peter (2008). "Global diversity of leeches (Hirudinea) in freshwater". Hydrobiologia. 595 (1): 129–137. doi: 10.1007/s10750-007-9010-8. S2CID 46339662. Also keep in mind that there are a few ways to use essential oils, including inhalation, diffusers, and more. If you apply essential oil to your skin, you’ll need to mix it with a carrier oil first. Never ingest essential oils. Most importantly, don’t introduce oils into your sex life without asking your partner’s consent first. The oil can expose them to potential allergies and side effects, too. If possible, have them do a patch test before you decide to do a full application. Laurent, V.; Salzet, B.; Verger-Bocquet, M.; Bernet, F.; Salzet, M. (2000). "Morphine-like substance in leech ganglia. Evidence and immune modulation". European Journal of Biochemistry. 267 (8): 2354–2361. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01239.x. PMID 10759861.

http://www.cibtech.org/J-LIFE-SCIENCES/PUBLICATIONS/2014/Vol-4-No-1/JLS-044-099-ALEISSA-EFFECT-MICE.pdf Damaged nerve tissue: Certain medications or conditions such as Peyronie’s disease can damage tissue around the penis and prevent erections from occurring.Your partner can also experience these side effects if they’re allergic to any of the oil’s ingredients.

Govedich, Fredric R.; Bain, Bonnie A. (14 March 2005). "All about leeches" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010. Kumar N, et al. (2015). Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of literature.Modaresi, M., & Khodadadi, A. (2014). The effects of Aloe vera extract on spermatogenesis and reproductive hormones in mice. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(5), 165–168 When the amount of blood flowing into the penis is restricted, the erection is lost. The inability to reach or maintain an erection can happen for a variety of reasons, such as an overconsumption of alcohol or fatigue. a b c d e Brusca, Richard (2016). Hirudinoidea: Leeches and Their Relatives. Sinauer Associates. pp.591–597. ISBN 978-1-60535-375-3. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) If your patch test does not show irritation, follow the oil’s application instructions closely. Only apply as much as the label advises, and keep the substance away from your urinary opening. Don’t apply more than the label directs. Leeches can detect touch, vibration, movement of nearby objects, and chemicals secreted by their hosts; freshwater leeches crawl or swim towards a potential host standing in their pond within a few seconds. Species that feed on warm-blooded hosts move towards warmer objects. Many leeches avoid light, though some blood feeders move towards light when they are ready to feed, presumably increasing the chances of finding a host. [25] Gas exchange

The phylogenetic tree of the leeches and their annelid relatives is based on molecular analysis (2019) of DNA sequences. Both the former classes " Polychaeta" (bristly marine worms) and " Oligochaeta" (including the earthworms) are paraphyletic: in each case the complete groups ( clades) would include all the other groups shown below them in the tree. The Branchiobdellida are sister to the leech clade Hirudinida, which approximately corresponds to the traditional subclass Hirudinea. The main subdivision of leeches is into the Rhynchobdellida and the Arhynchobdellida, though the Acanthobdella are sister to the clade that contains these two groups. [15] Annelida

a b Marren, Peter; Mabey, Richard (2010). Bugs Britannica. Chatto & Windus. pp.45–48. ISBN 978-0-7011-8180-2. MR KB 9/16/22 This link above under “a small study” did not work for me jurology.com/article/S0022-5347(05)64298-X/abstract Although you won’t find overwhelming evidence behind essential oils, some studies (although usually small or limited) suggest they may help with certain sexual conditions like erectile dysfunction. They may also work by enhancing your sense of relaxation, well-being, and confidence, which can lead to improved sexual experiences. Teut, M.; Warning, A. (2008). "Leeches, phytotherapy and physiotherapy in osteo-arthrosis of the knee—a geriatric case study". Forsch Komplementärmed. 15 (5): 269–272. doi: 10.1159/000158875. PMID 19001824. S2CID 196365336.