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Weninger WJ, Mohun T . Phenotyping transgenic embryos: a rapid 3-D screening method based on episcopic fluorescence image capturing. Nat Genet 2002; 30:59–65. Inhibiting activity of this area reduced the effects of increased heart rate on anxiety-like behavior in the mice. Taken together, the results suggest that, in certain situations, heart rate can affect anxiety, in mice at least, and that the insular cortex is an important mediator to this happening. Anna Beyeler from the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research works on the neural circuits of behavior and has written a News and Views article about the research. She thinks that these findings provide insights into how emotions work, but there are more questions to be answered. Interviewee: Anna Beyeler Wessels A, Sedmera D . Developmental anatomy of the heart: a tale of mice and man. Physiol Genomics 2003; 15:165–76.

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Baker M (2013) Neuroscience: through the eyes of a mouse. Nature 502(7470):156–158. https://doi.org/10.1038/502156aI think a lot of people have thought hard about this over the many years since William James, and nobody denies that the brain affects the body, nobody denies that the body affects the brain, but the outcome of an experiment like this was very much unclear. Would purely pacing the heart impose an emotional change? And what we found it was not so simple either, because it didn't by itself, cause the change it had to be in the right context. What we can take away from this is that to understand internal states, you have to consider the brain and the body together. You can't neglect the causal role that the body plays in setting the internal state of the brain.