This is an entire book on the Web, by an American academic, Graeme Newman. He is Professor of Criminal Justice at Albany University. The book argues the case for judicial corporal punishment (JCP). It was first published in 1985.

Book clasps still in place on books can be of the same date as the rest of the binding, but because the leather straps tend to wear they are often repaired or replaced. When this happened, new clasps could be added to old books or old and precious clasps re-used on new books. Despite the uncertainty, clasps in place on books are very useful. There is a Howsam type A.5.2 on a late 16th-century binding illustrated in Margeson (1993, 74).

Meanwhile, in Chico, Calif., something very similar was happening. Another outdoor enthusiast, Gary Kirk, joined forces with another expert seamstress, Marcia Briggs.

Square mounts also come in flanged and tabbed varieties. The flanged type (B.1.3) can have either a square or a circular dome. The tabbed type (B.1.4) has a square dome. Square book mounts. Left, two examples of type B.1.3 with flange. Above, circular dome ( WAW-E7D470); below, square dome ( DENO-0E6346, not certainly from a book). Right, two examples of type B.1.4 with tabs. Above, DOR-3F00F1; below, with square dome in the shape of an animal head, SUSS-CBF7E7. Following the 1-1 consultation PECS sent us a vey detailed report relating to our son’s communication needs and targets. This was included in his Education Health and Care Plan Needs assessment and many of the targets and needs are still in his EHCP today. In-Home Support There are many problems in constructing a chronology of book fittings. Books are long-lived objects, but they do get discarded and replaced, and it seems that this increased in the 14th and 15th centuries ( Howsam 2016, 354-356). In addition, many books were curated by ecclesiastical institutions and discarded en masse at the Dissolution in the 16th century. The date of deposition of book fittings may therefore be centuries later than their date of manufacture ( Howsam 2016, 24-26). What I found most interesting was Chapter 13, in which he pulls to shreds the Cadogan Report - the 1938 British government study which has always since, even very recently, been trotted out as the justification for claiming that JCP does not work. Type A.10 does not include all one-piece book clasps; it is a catch-all for those which do not fall into other types. Those made from a folded sheet belong to A.8, and those with hollow plates belong to A.9.

Type A.10 is cast in one piece, with a hole to fit over the peg and a terminal pierced from side to side. Howsam only included one example in her catalogue ( SWYOR-D9A074, illustrated below), but there are several other disparate one-piece book clasps that can also perhaps be allocated to this type. Howsam divides book mounts into those from anywhere on the cover (types B.1 to B.3); those from corners (L-shaped and/or with two down-turned edges, type B.4); and edge bindings (with one down-turned edge, type B.5). Mounts from anywhere on the cover

Type A.3 is the commonest type of medieval book clasp. It is made from a long thin strip of copper-alloy sheet, with one end flared and shaped and the other end hooked. The metal appears brassy and has often corroded to a reddish brown. They are often decorated with longitudinal grooves, circular perforations, stamps and ring-and-dot motifs. A selection of book clasps of type A.3. Left to right: FAKL-9EC55F, SWYOR-A411C7, KENT-E363E8, ESS-C923A9, WILT-CB74F6. THE COLLECTOR'S GUIDE TO THE SCHOOL STRAP: Scotland, England, Ireland, Canada, Australia & Others - Second Edition by Harold A. Hoff Polygonal and multi-foil mounts are covered by several of Howsam’s types. Polygonal mounts with no flange are type B.1.6; those with a flange are type B.1.7. Cinquefoil and sexfoil mounts are types B.2.3 and B.2.4. Examples of some of the hundreds of flimsy cinquefoil and sexfoil mounts on the PAS database, from straps or perhaps from books. Left to right, WILT-E0F9CE, LIN-E324B8 and YORYM-F6BE7A.There is only one example of an A.1.2 clasp recorded on the PAS database so far, BUC-B7EF37. Book clasps of Howsam type A.1.1. Left: SWYOR-0B8297. Right: YORYM-2BBE37, with annulet stamps. Murray decided to take it one step further," Yowell said. "He told her, 'If you marry me, I'll name the company after you.' "

Howsam’s examples are long and narrow, and look like 14th-century strap-ends but have the sides and front made in one piece. There is only one good parallel to these on the PAS database, at PUBLIC-312387. For each kind of strap listed and pictured, the dimensions are given, years of production, and estimated value at auction or from dealers if you want to buy a genuine used one today. It is evident that, since school corporal punishment was declared illegal in most of the countries covered, such of these items as remain in existence fetch in many cases a high price from collectors: some rare examples run to many hundreds of dollars. Book clasp’ is not included in the mda thesaurus, so we use BOOK FITTING instead, with ‘clasp’ in the classification field. PAS object classifications and sub-classifications to be usedMurray was dating this girl named Jan Lewis, and she had a home sewing machine," Yowell recalled recently. She also had a teaching degree, but there were too many teachers in Seattle at the time. They brought her aboard as a partner. A group of enigmatic strap fittings have been identified by Howsam as mounts from bookmarks attached to bookbindings, and allocated to her type B.7 ( Howsam 2016, 112-115). These are like strap-ends, but with a small notch or hole at the centre of their closed end; on some, a separate wire loop survives within this hole. None is known still in place on a medieval bookbinding, and there is little evidence for the precise function of these items. There are two slightly later versions excavated in Norwich, made from square sheet bodies decorated with repoussé ornament, folded in half and with a small hole cut at the centre of the fold to take the separate wire loop. Their ornament dates them to the 15th or 16th centuries (Margeson 1993, nos. 245 and 246). Parallels on the PAS database include LON-7B9423, NMS-31E187 and NMS-4454E7. ‘Bookmarks’ of Howsam type B.7. Left to right, PUBLIC-312387, SF-420DC0, NMS-31E187, LON-7B9423. The two on the left are perhaps 14th- or 15th-century; the two on the right are perhaps 15th- or 16th-century. Objects that look like over-the-peg clasps, with pierced terminals but with rectangular or T-shaped slots instead of central circular holes, are from boxes (or caskets, coffrets, chasses etc). See DENO-392CC4 for an example. Circular mounts are perhaps the most various. A circular dome with a flange is type B.1.1; a circular dome with four tabs is type B.1.2. A circular dome with neither flange nor tabs is type B.2.2, and a flat circular mount is type B.2.1.