Soda. A 12-ounce can of regular or diet dark cola contains about 40 mg caffeine. The same amount of Mountain Dew contains 55 mg caffeine. Caffeine is broken down mainly in the liver. It can remain in the blood anywhere from 1.5 to 9.5 hours, depending on various factors. [2] Smoking speeds up the breakdown of caffeine, whereas pregnancy and oral contraceptives can slow the breakdown. During the third trimester of pregnancy, caffeine can remain in the body for up to 15 hours. [3]

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (PDF) (18thed.). World Health Organization. October 2013 [April 2013]. p.34 [p. 38 of pdf]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014. Mate is a drink popular in many parts of South America. Its preparation consists of filling a gourd with the leaves of the South American holly yerba mate, pouring hot but not boiling water over the leaves, and drinking with a straw, the bombilla, which acts as a filter so as to draw only the liquid and not the yerba leaves. [234] It may also lead to altered heartbeat rhythm, called atrial fibrillation, which has been reported in young people who consumed energy drinks containing extremely high doses of caffeine ( 39).

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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Caffeine". DrugBank. University of Alberta. 16 September 2013. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2014. The leaves of Ilex guayusa, the Ecuadorian holly tree, are placed in boiling water to make a guayusa tea. [235] You may have noticed that you need to urinate frequently when you drink more coffee or tea than usual. Studies have found that higher caffeine intake appears to increase the amount of time it takes to fall asleep. It may also decrease total sleeping time, especially in the elderly ( 13, 14).

A 2011 review found that increased caffeine intake was associated with a variation in two genes that increase the rate of caffeine catabolism. Subjects who had this mutation on both chromosomes consumed 40mg more caffeine per day than others. [192] This is presumably due to the need for a higher intake to achieve a comparable desired effect, not that the gene led to a disposition for greater incentive of habituation. a b "Caffeine". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019 . Retrieved 16 October 2014. Experimental Melting Point: One review reports that after participants ingested 37.5–450 mg of caffeine, they had improved alertness, short-term recall, and reaction time ( 1).

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People often develop a “caffeine tolerance” when taken regularly, which can reduce its stimulant effects unless a higher amount is consumed. When suddenly stopping all caffeine, withdrawal symptoms often follow such as irritability, headache, agitation, depressed mood, and fatigue. The symptoms are strongest within a few days after stopping caffeine, but tend to subside after about one week. [3] Tapering the amount gradually may help to reduce side effects. Sources of Caffeine Withdrawal can cause mild to clinically significant distress or impairment in daily functioning. The frequency at which this occurs is self-reported at 11%, but in lab tests only half of the people who report withdrawal actually experience it, casting doubt on many claims of dependence. [121] Mild physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms may occur upon abstinence, with greater than 100mg caffeine per day, although these symptoms last no longer than a day. [2] Some symptoms associated with psychological dependence may also occur during withdrawal. [6] The diagnostic criteria for caffeine withdrawal require a previous prolonged daily use of caffeine. [122] Following 24 hours of a marked reduction in consumption, a minimum of 3 of these signs or symptoms is required to meet withdrawal criteria: difficulty concentrating, depressed mood/ irritability, flu-like symptoms, headache, and fatigue. [122] Additionally, the signs and symptoms must disrupt important areas of functioning and are not associated with effects of another condition. [122] Since this observation was first published, caffeine addiction has been added as an official diagnosis in ICDM9. This decision is disputed by many and is not supported by any convincing body of experimental evidence.... All of these observations strongly suggest that caffeine does not act on the dopaminergic structures related to addiction, nor does it improve performance by alleviating any symptoms of withdrawal

One large study looked at the effects of high caffeine intake on incontinence in more than 65,000 women without incontinence. In fact, evidence shows a 16–18% lower risk of heart disease in men and women who drink between 1–4 cups of coffee daily (providing approximately 100–400 mg of caffeine) ( 29). Normally, adenosine levels build up over the day, making you increasingly more tired and causing you to want to go to sleep. Consumption of caffeine after abdominal surgery shortens the time to recovery of normal bowel function and shortens length of hospital stay. [48]

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Xocolatl was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards, and became a popular beverage by 1700. The Spaniards also introduced the cacao tree into the West Indies [252] and the Philippines. [253]

Paraxanthine (84%): Increases lipolysis, leading to elevated glycerol and free fatty acid levels in blood plasma. The leaves of Ilex vomitoria, the yaupon holly tree, are placed in boiling water to make a yaupon tea. Additionally, modest doses have been shown to cause rapid breathing and increase stress levels when consumed in one sitting ( 11, 12).a b Qi H, Li S (April 2014). "Dose-response meta-analysis on coffee, tea and caffeine consumption with risk of Parkinson's disease". Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 14 (2): 430–9. doi: 10.1111/ggi.12123. PMID 23879665. S2CID 42527557.