Because of the toxicity of TNT, the discharge of pink water to the environment has been prohibited in the US and many other countries for decades, but ground contamination may exist in very old plants. However, RDX and tetryl contamination is usually considered more problematic, as TNT has very low soil mobility. Red water is significantly more toxic and as such it has always been considered hazardous waste. It has traditionally been disposed of by evaporation to dryness (as the toxic components are not volatile), followed by incineration. Much research has been conducted to develop better disposal processes. [ citation needed] Ecological impact [ edit ]

Douglas TA, Johnson L, Walsh M, Collins C (2009). "A time series investigation of the stability of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives in surface water samples at ambient temperature". Chemosphere. 76 (1): 1–8. Bibcode: 2009Chmsp..76....1D. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.050. PMID 19329139. Research has shown that in freshwater environments, with high abundances of Ca 2+, the adsorption of TNT and its transformation products to soils and sediments may be lower than observed in a saline environment, dominated by K + and Na +. Therefore, when considering the adsorption of TNT, the type of soil or sediment and the ionic composition and strength of the ground water are important factors. [41]

TNT Cocktail Drink Recipe Instructions

For comparison, gunpowder contains 3 megajoules per kilogram, dynamite contains 7.5 megajoules per kilogram, and gasoline contains 47.2 megajoules per kilogram (though gasoline requires an oxidant, so an optimized gasoline and O 2 mixture contains 10.4 megajoules per kilogram). [ citation needed] Detection [ edit ]

The association constants for TNT and its degradation products with clays have been determined. Clay minerals have a significant effect on the adsorption of energetic compounds. Soil properties, such as organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity have significant impacts on the adsorption coefficients. Panz K, Miksch K (2012). "Phytoremediation of explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) by wild-type and transgenic plants". J. Environ. Manage. 113: 85–92. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.016. PMID 22996005.Akhavan J (2004). The Chemistry of Explosives. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp.11–. ISBN 978-0-85404-640-9. Trinitrotoluene ( / ˌ t r aɪ ˌ n aɪ t r oʊ ˈ t ɒ lj u iː n/), [4] [5] more commonly known as TNT, more specifically 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and by its preferred IUPAC name 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, is a chemical compound with the formula C 6H 2(NO 2) 3CH 3. TNT is occasionally used as a reagent in chemical synthesis, but it is best known as an explosive material with convenient handling properties. The explosive yield of TNT is considered to be the standard comparative convention of bombs and asteroid impacts. In chemistry, TNT is used to generate charge transfer salts. Soils with high clay contents or small particle sizes and high total organic carbon content have been shown to promote TNT transformation. Possible TNT transformations include reduction of one, two, or three nitro-moieties to amines and coupling of amino transformation products to form dimers. Formation of the two monoamino transformation products, 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT, is energetically favored, and therefore is observed in contaminated soils and ground water. The diamino products are energetically less favorable, and even less likely are the triamino products. [ citation needed] a b c d e f Pennington JC, Brannon JM (February 2002). "Environmental fate of explosives". Thermochimica Acta. 384 (1–2): 163–172. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00801-2. NIST Guide to SI Units - Appendix B8. Factors for Units". February 3, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-02-03.

The association constant for TNT with soil is 2.7 to 11 L/kg of soil. [40] This means that TNT has a one- to tenfold tendency to adhere to soil particulates than not when introduced into the soil. [36] Hydrogen bonding and ion exchange are two suggested mechanisms of adsorption between the nitro functional groups and soil colloids. The heat of detonation utilized by NIST to define a tonne of TNT equivalent is 1000 cal/g or 1000 kcal/kg, 4.184 MJ/kg or 4.184 GJ/ton. [23] The energy density of TNT is used as a reference point for many other explosives, including nuclear weapons, the energy content of which is measured in equivalent kilotons (~4.184 terajoules or 4.184 TJ or 1.162 GWh) or megatons (~4.184 peta joules or 4.184 PJ or 1.162 TWh) of TNT. The heat of combustion however is 14.5 mega joules per kilogram or 14.5 MJ/kg or 4.027 kWh/kg, which requires that some of the carbon in TNT react with atmospheric oxygen, which does not occur in the initial event. [24] TNT was first prepared in 1863 by German chemist Julius Wilbrand [6] and originally used as a yellow dye. Its potential as an explosive was not recognized for three decades, mainly because it was too difficult to detonate because it was less sensitive than alternatives. Its explosive properties were discovered in 1891 by another German chemist, Carl Häussermann. [7] TNT can be safely poured when liquid into shell cases, and is so insensitive that in 1910 it was exempted from the UK's Explosives Act 1875 and was not considered an explosive for the purposes of manufacture and storage. [8]Water is a healthy and cheap choice to keep you hydrated, but other drinks can also count towards your fluid intake. We also get some fluids from the foods we eat. Haderlein SB, Weissmahr KW, Schwarzenbach RP (January 1996). "Specific Adsorption of Nitroaromatic Explosives and Pesticides to Clay Minerals". Environmental Science & Technology. 30 (2): 612–622. Bibcode: 1996EnST...30..612H. doi: 10.1021/es9503701.