Deem, James M. Kristallnacht: the Nazi terror that began the Holocaust (2012) for secondary schools. online After the Kristallnacht, Salvador Allende, Gabriel González Videla, Marmaduke Grove, Florencio Durán and other members of the Congress of Chile sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews. [77] a b "Kristallnacht Remembered". www.kold.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2008. The violence is widely considered a starting point of the Holocaust, in which Nazi Germany murdered 6 million Jews. How did the United States and other nations respond to the news of the nationwide riot? What responsibilities do other nations have to the persecuted citizens of another sovereign nation, if any?

Mayer, Kurt (2009). My Personal Brush with History. Tacoma: Confluence Books. ISBN 978-0-578-03911-4. Non me la sento di dare una valutazione a un libro importante come questo, pieno di Voci assordanti, che si raccontano attraverso la penna di Gilbert. Further information: History of the Jews in Austria, History of the Jews in Germany, Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany, and Nuremberg Laws Early Nazi persecutions [ edit ] Part of a series on Kristallnacht changed the nature of Nazi Germany's persecution of the Jews from economic, political, and social exclusion to physical violence, including beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust. In this view, it is not only described as a pogrom, it is also described as a critical stage within a process in which each step becomes the seed of the next step. [80] An account cited that Hitler's green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany. [80] Prior to this large-scale and organized violence against the Jews, the Nazi's primary objective was to eject them from Germany, leaving their wealth behind. [80] In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, "Kristallnacht came...and everything was changed." [81]As one British newspaper reported:"Brownshirts smashed their way into Jewish houses, tore down their curtains, slashed carpets and upholstery with knives and broke up the furniture...Terrified children were turned sobbing out of their beds, which were then smashed to pieces. This is a well written well researched book but as Holocaust survivors begin to die it must be kept alive in peoples minds. Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Susan Warsinger from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Between January 1933 and March 1938 more than 35 000 German Jews were granted immigration certificates to Palestine. Following the 1936 Arab Revolt, the British restricted Jewish immigration the Holy Land to 3000 a year. Kristallnacht sparked international outrage. According to Volker Ullrich, "...a line had been crossed: Germany had left the community of civilised nations." [75] It discredited pro-Nazi movements in Europe and North America, leading to a sharp decline in their support. Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some of them comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the 1880s. The United States recalled its ambassador (but it did not break off diplomatic relations) while other governments severed diplomatic relations with Germany in protest. The British government approved the Kindertransport program for refugee children.

Interview with Miriam Ron, Witness to the Events of Kristallnacht". The International School for Holocaust Studies. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. -- "At 7:00 in the morning I was a student, and at 5:00, I was a criminal" It did not take long before the first heavy grey stones came tumbling down, and the children of the village amused themselves as they flung stones into the many colored windows. When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork. [43] There are many indications of Protestant and Catholic disapproval of racial persecution; for example, anti-Nazi Protestants adopted the Barmen Declaration in 1934, and the Catholic church had already distributed pastoral letters critical of Nazi racial ideology, and the Nazi regime expected to encounter organised resistance from it following Kristallnacht. [72] The Catholic leadership however, just as the various Protestant churches, refrained from responding with organised action. [72] Jaime Herndon finished her MFA in nonfiction writing at Columbia, after leaving a life of psychosocial oncology and maternal-child health work. She is a writer, editor, and book reviewer who drinks way too much coffee. She is a new-ish mom, so the coffee comes in extra handy.Mayn Yingele (Rzewski, Frederic)". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2016. Kristallnacht was the inspiration for the 1988 composition Mayn Yngele by the composer Frederic Rzewski, of which he says: "I began writing this piece in November 1988, on the 50th anniversary of the Kristallnacht ... My piece is a reflection on that vanished part of Jewish tradition which so strongly colors, by its absence, the culture of our time". [86] The former German Kaiser Wilhelm II commented "For the first time, I am ashamed to be German." [47] Daily Telegraph, 12 November 1938. Cited in Gilbert, Martin. Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction. HarperCollins, 2006, p. 142.

Anyway, this brutal account lasts for a little over half the book. What follows is the attempt by many of the Jews to get out of Germany. It was not such an easy thing, as the Nazis were hardly helpful, and other European countries argued over refugee quotas. This part of the book is also quite sad, but it is punctuated by some real heroes, such as Captain Frank Foley, the British Passport Control Officer in Berlin (also a spy), and Dr. Feng Shan Ho, the Chinese Consul General in Vienna. Both men would work night and day to help Jews to emigrate to both Britain and China. They saved thousands. And there were others (the "Righteous" as Gilbert calls them) that history has also forgotten. As the window to escape closes, the beginnings of the Final Solution start to reveal themselves. In 1989, Al Gore, then a senator from Tennessee and later Vice President of the United States, wrote of an "ecological Kristallnacht" in The New York Times. He opined that events which were then taking place, such as deforestation and ozone depletion, prefigured a greater environmental catastrophe in the same way that Kristallnacht prefigured the Holocaust. [84] Abert Gore (19 March 1989). "An Ecological Kristallnacht. Listen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019 . Retrieved 25 February 2019. Scientists now predict our current course will raise world temperatures five degrees Celsius in our lifetimes Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris on the morning of November 7, 1938. The 17-year-old German refugee had just learned that his Polish-Jewish parents, along with thousands of other Jews, had been herded into boxcars and deported from Germany. From the day Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933, anti-Semitism had become encoded in the governmental policies of Nazi Germany. For years, Jews experienced state-sponsored discrimination and persecution, and Grynszpan had seen enough.Connolly, Kate (22 October 2008). "Kristallnacht remnants unearthed near Berlin". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2010. Raul Hilberg. The Destruction of the European Jews, Third Edition, (Yale Univ. Press, 2003, c1961), Ch.3. Kristallnacht owes its name to the shards of shattered glass that lined German streets in the wake of the pogrom—broken glass from the windows of synagogues, homes, and Jewish-owned businesses plundered and destroyed during the violence. Assassination of Ernst vom Rath On November 7, 1938, a Jewish teenager, Herschel Grynszpan, fatally shot a German diplomat in Paris. Within three days anti-Jewish violence erupted throughout Germany, initially incited by local Nazi officials, and ultimately sanctioned by the decisions of Hitler and Goebbels at the pinnacle of the Third Reich. As synagogues burned and Jews were beaten in the streets, police stood aside. Men, women, and children—many neighbors of the victims—participated enthusiastically in acts of violence, rituals of humiliation, and looting. By the night of November 10, a nationwide antisemitic pogrom had inflicted massive destruction on synagogues, Jewish schools, and Jewish-owned businesses. During and after this spasm of violence and plunder, 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up and sent to concentration camps, where hundreds would perish in the following months.