Ibisch, P. L. et al. A global map of roadless areas and their conservation status. Science 354, 1423–1427. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7166 (2016). Roads also cause some species to respond by avoidance of habitat near high traffic roads at peak traffic hours 6, 7. This avoidance of roadside habitat could result in the road becoming a barrier to animal movement 8. In addition to the risk of local species extinction 9, mortality and barrier effects together alter wildlife movement 10, 11 leading to isolation of populations 12, 13. With the global road network growth projected at more than 60% 14, and rampant increase in worldwide vehicle ownership 15, these impacts are set to accelerate in magnitude.

Effect of evening injections of melatonin (aMT) and 5- methoxytryptamine (MT), for 60 continuous days, on the seminiferous tubule diameter (μm) of testis in sham-operated (S0) and pinealectomized (Px) F. pennanti exposed to natural daylength (NDL), long photoperiod (14L:10D) and short photoperiod (10L:14D) during the gonad active phase. Table 3 The Indian Roads Congress. Two-Laning of Highways Through Public Private Partnership: Manual of Specifications & Standards. Secretariat for the Committee on Infrastructure Planning Commission, Yojana Bhavan, Parliament Street, New Delhi. (2010). accessed 12 July 2019; https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/sectors/ppp_report/reports_guidelines/Manuals%20of%20Standards%20and%20Specifications/Manual%20of%20Specifications%20&%20Standards%20for%20Two-laning%20of%20Highways.pdf Rhodes, J. R., Lunney, D., Callaghan, J. & McAlpine, C. A. A few large roads or many small ones? How to accommodate growth in vehicle number to minimise impacts on wildlife. PLoS ONE 9(3), e91093 (2014). Pinealectomy always appeared stimulatory to the testes and pinealectomized squirrels exhibited significant increase in testes weight and seminiferous tubule diameter in comparison to SO controls. Under SP pinealectomized animals showed significantly higher testes weight and seminiferous tubule diameter as compared to SO animals as these were unable to perceive environmental information in the absence of pineal gland. Therefore, they maintained an active gonad as evident by higher testes weight and seminiferous tubule diameter. A. boonei De Wild (Apocyanaceae) is a medicinal plant used extensively in West and Central Africa for the treatment of malaria, fever, intestinal helminths, rheumatism, hypertension ( Terashima, 2003; Betti, 2004; Abel and Busia, 2005).

Dyer, S. J., O’Neill, J. P., Wasel, S. M. & Boutin, S. Quantifying barrier effects of roads and seismic lines on movement of female woodland caribou in northeastern Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 80, 839–845 (2002). Barrientos, R. & Bolonio, L. The presence of rabbits adjacent to roads increases polecat road mortality. Biodivers. Conserv. 18, 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9499-9 (2009). Effect of morning injections of melatonin (aMT), 5- methoxytryptamine (MT) and saline (Sal) on the testes weight (g/100g body weight) of sham-operated (SO) and pinealectomized (Px) F. pennanti exposed to. natural daylength (NDL), long photoperiod (14L:10D) and short photoperiod (10L:14D) during the gonad active phase. Table 2 Schwab, A. C. & Zandbergen, P. A. Vehicle-related mortality and road crossing behavior of the Florida panther. Appl. Geogr. 31, 859–870 (2011). R Studio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. (2016). accessed 17 Mar 2019; https://www.rstudio.com/

Laurance, W. F., Goosem, M. & Laurance, S. G. W. Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 659–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.009 (2009). Johnsingh, A. J. T. & Manjrekar, N. (eds) Mammals of South Asia (Universities Press, Hyderabad, 2015). Conard, J. M. & Gipson, P. S. Spatial and seasonal variation in wildlife-vehicle collisions. Prairie Nat. 38, 251–260 (2006). Evening injections of aMT and MT significantly reduced testes weight and tubule diameter of SO and Px animals maintained under NDL, LP and SP ( Fig 1, Table 2). Morning injections, under all conditions, were without any significant effect on the testes ( Fig. 2, Table 3).Jaarsma, C. F., van Langevelde, F., Baveco, J. M., van Eupen, M. & Arisz, J. Model for rural transportation planning considering simulating mobility and traffic kills in the badger Meles meles. Ecol. Inform. 2, 73–82 (2007). This observation is corroborated by a previous report on Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stating that the gradual decline and fluctuations of WBC counts are reflectors of persistent underlying infections ( Ngotho et al., 2011). ESRI. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.8. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute. (2020). accessed 12 Jan 2019; www.esri.com.

The annual worldwide incidence of malaria exceeds 600 million clinical cases caused by the two most common malaria species, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax ( Mendis et al., 2001; Snow et al., 2005; Tan et al., 2011), leading to 1.1-2.7 million deaths attributable primarily to P. falciparum ( WHO, 2008). Malaria causes great suffering among people living in tropical and subtropical regions, with a disproportionate impact on infants, children and pregnant women ( Abdullah et al., 2007; Dharmadasa et al., 2012). Majumder, A. Prey Selection, Food Habits and Population Structure of Sympatric Carnivores: Tiger Panthera tigris tigris (L.), Leopard Panthera pardus (L.) and Dhole Cuon alpinus (Pallas) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh (India) (Saurashtra University, Rajkot, 2011). Jacobson, S. L., Bliss-Ketchum, L. L., de Rivera, C. E. & Smith, W. P. A behaviour-based framework for assessing barrier effects to wildlife from vehicle traffic volume 1. Ecosphere 7, 1–15 (2016).

KEYWORDS/PHRASES

Percentage chemosuppression of the aqueous stem bark extracts of Alstonia boonei (De wild) in mice infected with the Chloroquine- sensitive strain of plasmodium berghei (NK-65)