When long-term cost-effectiveness is not considered, treatment with pen devices is more expensive than with insulin vials, especially in low- and middle-income countries [ 29, 51]. Development and implementation of a U-500 regular insulin program in a federally qualified health center.

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. The major challenge of insulin despite its efficacy has been the occurrence of hypoglycemia, which has resulted in sub-optimal dosages being prescribed in the vast majority of patients. Thus, preference was given to systematic reviews and meta-analysis over narrative reviews and to guidelines from government entities over authors’ opinions; in the latter case, the opinion of committees was preferred over a single author’s opinion. These devices are integrated with USB or Bluetooth features for efficient monitoring and data management.In 2020, the FDA approved a new-generation, interoperable, control-IQ artificial pancreas system (tandem diabetes).

In short, the concept and measure of adherence are as complex and variable as factors affecting it which range from patient expectations and attitudes, and disease characteristics, to convenience, cost, route of administration, adverse events, and practitioner support.Consequently, patients’ adherence to treatment has become a major requirement for improving chronic disease control and optimizing the use of healthcare resources and costs. To address potential problems with injections such as patient grip and dexterity limitations, various injection technologies such as autoinjection devices have been introduced, which are designed to improve the ease of use, safety and reliability of injections, and to reduce pain. Practical guidance on insulin injection practice in diabetes self-management in the Indian setting: an expert consensus statement. Ernst Friedrich Pfeiffer developed the “Biostator,” an insulin pump with intravenous continuous glucose monitoring and closed-loop intravenous insulin infusion features. In 2013, the second-generation Omnipod, which is smaller and more compact than its predecessor, was launched.