The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and p for development of the glyph itself. All statistical tests have a null hypothesis. For most tests, the null hypothesis is that there is no relationship between your variables of interest or that there is no difference among groups.

P - definition of p by The Free Dictionary

The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and p for development of the glyph itself.There is no campaign, just a bunch of canned missions that have no relation to each other (and peole [ sic] think SU27 is p bad!). Different statistical tests have different assumptions and generate different test statistics. You should choose the statistical test that best fits your data and matches the effect or relationship you want to test.

P, p | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

Latin-script letters ) bukva; A a, Â â, B b, C c, Č č, Ʒ ʒ, Ǯ ǯ, D d, Đ đ, E e, F f, G g, Ǧ ǧ, Ǥ ǥ, H h, I i, J j, K k, Ǩ ǩ, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Š š, T t, U u, V v, Z z, Ž ž, Å å, Ä ä, ʹ It is very difficult to calculate p-value manually. The most commonly employed way of doing this is to utilize a z-score table. In a z-table, the zone under the probability density function is presented for each value of the z-score.A test for overall significance of regression analysis. The test statistic has an F-distribution with (k - 1, n - k)-degrees of freedom, where n is the sample size, and k is the number of variables (including the intercept). A small p-value provides evidence against the null hypothesis, as it means that your result would be very improbable if the null hypothesis were true.