Widder EA, Greene CH, Youngbluth MJ. Bioluminescence of sound-scattering layers in the Gulf of Maine. J. Plankton Res. Oxford University Press; 1992;14(11):1607-24 McElroy WD, Seliger HH, DeLuca M. Insect bioluminescence. Physiol. Insecta. Elsevier; 1974. p. 411-60 Bioluminescence’ refers to the phenomenon of chemically induced emission of light (or other electromagnetic radiations) by a living organism. It is a common occurrence frequently observed in various organisms, ranging from simple ones like bacteria to complex animals like deep-sea fish or fireflies, and even some fungi. The first accounts of bioluminescence are found in the works of Dioscorides and even Pliny the Elder, who believed that certain bioluminescent organisms had medicinal properties [ 1]. There are accounts of coal-miners using dried fish skins, and even bottled fireflies as safe light sources [ 2]. Charles Darwin also wrote about the glowing oceans in his travails. E. N. Harvey conducted extensive studies on this phenomenon, and wrote the first detailed account of all natural bioluminescent forms. In biochemical terms, the phenomenon of bioluminescence occurs due to an interaction of a substrate luciferin with an enzyme luciferase. Shimomura et al. were the first to obtain crystalline luciferin from the sea firefly Vargula hilgendorfii [ 3]. Bioluminescent organisms are found in both terrestrial as well as aquatic habitats. However, the aquatic species are exclusively limited to marine ecosystems, and a freshwater bioluminescent system is yet to be reported [ 10].

This cookie is set by Rubicon Project to control synchronization of user identification and exchange of user data between various ad services. The chemical structure of dinoflagellate luciferin (sourced from Pyrocystis lunula) is remarkably unique [ 20], similar only to that found in euphausiids (krill). This perhaps is an example of dietary linkage, as krill are known to source their luciferin from the food they consume [ 4]. Dinoflagellate luciferin is believed to be a derivative of chlorophyll [ 20]. Unlike most species that are autotrophic in nature, some heterotrophic species even supplement their luciferin synthesis with chlorophyll-rich diets [ 4]. Deheyn DD, Enzor LA, Dubowitz A, Urbach JS, Blair D. Optical and physicochemical characterization of the luminous mucous secreted by the marine worm Chaetopterus sp. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL; 2013;86(6):702-15 Records the default button state of the corresponding category & the status of CCPA. It works only in coordination with the primary cookie. Fordyce W. A History of Coal, Coke and Coal Fields and the Manufacture of Iron in the North of England [Internet]. Graham; 1973. Available from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dlM_AQAAIAAJ

It is a common belief that bacterial bioluminescent systems were among the first to originate in nature. Bioluminescent bacteria are present in both terrestrial as well as aquatic habitats, and can be found all over the world. In fact, these bacteria can easily be sourced from any tissue or detritus lying on beaches, or even from uncooked seafood [ 4]. The glowing oceans, which are a spectacular result of these microorganisms, have been described in detail in the travails of Darwin, and can be observed, or rather enjoyed at various locations all over the world. We were looking through so many iterations of all the characters, but especially Ruby,” notes Puertolas. “We even modeled and rigged three different versions of Ruby. In the end, I think we made the best decisions to make Ruby such a likeable character. We knew that we didn't want to do a realistic approach to an octopus, but we did extrapolate the animal’s curviness, softness, and bulbousness and applied that to the characters.” Though Puertolas and Vincent both steered away from hyperrealism in their designs for Ruby Gillman, there were some aspects of Ruby’s character (and clothing) design that are hyper-detailed. Since bioluminescence has proven to be an energy-expensive process, the evolution of bioluminescence in nature must be of some ecological or biological significance, or must offer some evolutionary advantage to the organism. This is certainly true, because there are multiple incidences of the evolution of bioluminescence, all completely independent from each other, and showing a convergent evolution pattern [ 4, 5]. This trait is found in multiple species spanning different phyla. Some even show symbiotic association with microbes. All these species use this phenomenon for a diverse range of applications including evasion of predators, luring prey and even attracting mates [ 6, 7, 8].

Dybas CL. Bioluminescent, biofluorescent species light the way to new biomedical discoveries. Oceanography. 2019;32(4):8-9 Bioluminescence is also common in the terrestrial ecosystems, though it is nowhere as abundant as in the ocean. Various worms and arthropods are known to exhibit complex behaviors related to this phenomenon. It is clear that bioluminescence has a powerful impact on behavioral and ecosystem dynamics [ 4]. Morin JG. Coastal bioluminescence: patterns and functions. Bull. Mar. Sci. University of Miami-Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; 1983;33(4):787-817 And like with How to Train Your Dragon and many other DreamWorks features that have come before, Ruby Gillman had already proven to be an inspiration ahead of its official release.Oba Y, Schultz DT. Eco-evo bioluminescence on land and in the sea. Biolumin. Fundam. Appl. Biotechnol. 1. Springer; 2014;3-36

Viviani VR, Bechara EJH. Bioluminescence and biological aspects of Brazilian railroad-worms (Coleoptera: Phengodidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. Oxford University Press Oxford, UK; 1997;90(3):389-98 Kahlke T, Umbers KDL. Bioluminescence. Curr. Biol. [Internet]. 2016 Apr;26(8):R313-4. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982216000464 This was the same rigging system the team used for scenes where Ruby is underwater with her mom Agatha (Toni Collette) or Grandmamah (Jane Fonda).Hagen O, Santos RM, Schlindwein MN, Viviani VR. Artificial Night Lighting Reduces Firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Occurrence in Sorocaba, Brazil. Adv. Entomol. [Internet]. 2015;03(01):24-32. Available from: http://www.scirp.org/journal/doi.aspx?DOI=10.4236/ae.2015.31004 Rota E, Zalesskaja NT, Rodionova NS, Petushkov VN. Redescription of Fridericia heliota (Annelida, Clitellata: Enchytraeidae), a luminous worm from the Siberian taiga, with a review of bioluminescence in the Oligochaeta. J. Zool. Wiley Online Library; 2003;260(3):291-9 Weinstein P, Delean S, Wood T, Austin AD. Bioluminescence in the ghost fungus Omphalotus nidiformis does not attract potential spore dispersing insects. IMA Fungus [Internet]. 2016 Dec 11;7(2):229-34. Available from: https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.02.01