a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cunliffe, Barry (2018) [1997]. "Chapter 11: Religious systems". The Ancient Celts (2nded.). Oxford University Press. pp.275–277, 286, 291–296. Brownson, Orestes Augustus (1859). Brownson's Quarterly Review. p.505. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2010. Center for Celtic Studies | UW-Milwaukee". Archived from the original on 19 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 April 2006. The Celts in Iberia: An Overview – Alberto J. Lorrio (Universidad de Alicante) & Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero ( Universidad Complutense de Madrid) – Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic studies, Volume 6: 167–254 The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula, 1 February 2005

Collis, John. The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions. Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7524-2913-2. Historiography of Celtic studies. The people who had adopted these cultural characteristics in central and southern Germany are regarded as Celts. Celtic cultural centres developed in central Europe during the late Bronze Age ( c. 1200 BC until 700 BC). Some, like the Heuneburg, the oldest city north of the Alps, [97] grew to become important cultural centres of the Iron Age in Central Europe, that maintained trade routes to the Mediterranean. In the 5th century BC the Greek historian Herodotus mentioned a Celtic city at the Danube – Pyrene, that historians attribute to the Heuneburg. Beginning around 700 BC (or later), Germanic peoples (Germanic tribes) from southern Scandinavia and northern Germany expanded south and gradually replaced the Celtic peoples in Central Europe. [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] James, Simon & Rigby, Valerie. Britain and the Celtic Iron Age. London: British Museum Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7141-2306-4. Mallory, J. P. In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth. London: Thames and Hudson, 1991. ISBN 0-500-27616-1.

Irish Family Crests Meaning

Mountain, Harry (1998). The Celtic Encyclopedia, Volume 1. uPublish.com. p.252. ISBN 978-1-58112-889-5. Burillo Mozota, Francisco (2005). "Celtiberians: Problems and Debates". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6: 411–80. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 . Retrieved 18 May 2009. The origins of the Celtiberians might provide a key to understanding the Celticisation process in the rest of the Peninsula. The process of Celticisation of the southwestern area of the peninsula by the Keltoi and of the northwestern area is, however, not a simple Celtiberian question. Recent investigations about the Callaici [90] and Bracari [91] in northwestern Portugal are providing new approaches to understanding Celtic culture (language, art and religion) in western Iberia. [92]

In the first century BC, Roman leader Julius Caesar reported that the Gauls called themselves 'Celts', Latin: Celtae, in their own tongue. [30] Thus whether it was given to them by others or not, it was used by the Celts themselves. Greek geographer Strabo, writing about Gaul towards the end of the first century BC, refers to the "race which is now called both Gallic and Galatic", though he also uses Celtica as another name for Gaul. He reports Celtic peoples in Iberia too, calling them Celtiberi and Celtici. [31] Pliny the Elder noted the use of Celtici in Lusitania as a tribal surname, [32] which epigraphic findings have confirmed. [33] [34] Probst, Ernst (1996). Deutschland in der Bronzezeit: Bauern, Bronzegiesser und Burgherren zwischen Nordsee und Alpen. München: C. Bertelsmann. ISBN 9783570022375. Sarunas Milisauskas, European prehistory: a survey. Springer. 2002. p.363. ISBN 978-0-306-47257-2 . Retrieved 7 June 2010. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), SE´RDICA". perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 20 February 2021.

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Berrocal-Rangel, Luis (2005). "The Celts of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6: 481–96. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Percy, William A. (1996). Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-252-06740-2 . Retrieved 18 September 2009. ; Rankin, H.D. Celts and the Classical World, p. 55 BBC - Wales - Education - Iron Age Celts - Factfile". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023 . Retrieved 22 February 2023. At the battle of Telamon in 225 BC, a large Celtic army was trapped between two Roman forces and crushed. [118] Like other European Iron Age societies, the Celts practised a polytheistic religion. [181] Celtic religion varied by region and over time, but had "broad structural similarities", [181] and there was "a basic religious homogeneity" among the Celtic peoples. [182] Because the ancient Celts did not have writing, evidence about their religion is gleaned from archaeology, Greco-Roman accounts, and literature from the early Christian period. [183]

a b c d e Patterson, N.; Isakov, M.; Booth, T. (2021). "Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age". Nature. 601 (7894): 588–594. Bibcode: 2022Natur.601..588P. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4. PMC 8889665. PMID 34937049. S2CID 245509501. Laing, Lloyd and Jenifer Laing. Art of the Celts, London: Thames and Hudson, 1992 ISBN 0-500-20256-7 James, Simon. The Atlantic Celts – Ancient People Or Modern Invention? Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999. ISBN 0-299-16674-0. Animals: Animals such as lions, dragons, eagles, and deer are common on crests and can represent courage, strength, freedom, and grace, respectively. Cunliffe, Barry (2003). The Celts – a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p.109. ISBN 978-0-19-280418-1.Carl McColman, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom. Alpha Books. 2003. pp.31–34. ISBN 978-0-02-864417-2 . Retrieved 7 June 2010. Greek traders founded Massalia about 600 BC, with some objects (mostly drinking ceramic vessels) being traded up the Rhône valley. But trade became disrupted soon after 500 BC and re-oriented over the Alps to the Po valley in the Italian peninsula. The Romans arrived in the Rhone valley in the 2nd century BC and encountered a mostly Celtic-speaking Gaul. Rome wanted land communications with its Iberian provinces and fought a major battle with the Saluvii at Entremont in 124–123 BC. Gradually Roman control extended, and the Roman province of Gallia Transalpina developed along the Mediterranean coast. [73] [74] The Romans knew the remainder of Gaul as Gallia Comata – "Long-haired Gaul." [75] Italy is home to Lepontic, the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC). [109] Anciently spoken in Switzerland and in Northern-Central Italy, from the Alps to Umbria. [110] [111] [112] [113] According to the Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises, more than 760 Gaulish inscriptions have been found throughout present-day France – with the notable exception of Aquitaine – and in Italy, [114] [115] which testifies the importance of Celtic heritage in the peninsula. [ citation needed] Evans, Thomas L. (2004). Quantified Identities: A Statistical Summary and Analysis of Iron Age Cemeteries in North-Eastern France 600–130 BC, BAR International Series 1226. Archaeopress. pp.34–37.