Historically, bells have been associated with religious rites, and are still used to call communities together for religious services. [1] Later, bells were made to commemorate important events or people and have been associated with the concepts of peace and freedom. The study of bells is called campanology. [2] Etymology [ edit ] 13th c. BC bell, Shang dynasty

Roads, Curtis, ed. (1992). "The Music Machine: Selected Readings from Computer Music Journal". Computer Music Journal. ISBN 978-0-262-68078-3. Rossing, Thomas (2000). Science of percussion instruments. Singapore River Edge, N.J: World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-4158-2. OCLC 45679450. Starmer, W. W. (1902). "Bells and Bell Tones". Proceedings of the Musical Association. 28th Session: 25–44. JSTOR 765451. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society. The Liberty Bell is a 2,080 pounds (940kg) [31] American bell of great historic significance, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It previously hung in Independence Hall.The Liberty Bell" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-11-30 . Retrieved 2010-08-11. von Falkenhausen, L. (1994). Suspended Music: Chime-Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91107-9. Bells in Japanese religion [ edit ] Wind-powered bell under temple eaves,. Banna-ji. Ashikaga, Tochigi. Jain, Hindu and Buddhist bells, called " Ghanta" (IAST: Ghaṇṭā) in Sanskrit, are used in religious ceremonies. See also singing bowls. A bell hangs at the gate of many Hindu temples and is rung at the moment one enters the temple. [16] To make this instrument, Kyrgyz foremen used copper, bronze, iron and brass. They also decorated it with artistic carving and covered it with silver. Sizes of the instruments might vary within certain limits, what depended on its function. Every bell had its own timbre.

Another related ancient Chinese musical instrument is called qing ( 磬 pinyin qìng) but it was made of stone instead of metal. Swinging bells are sounded by an internal clapper. The clapper may have a longer period of swing than the bell. In this case, the bell will catch up with the clapper and if rung to or near full circle will carry the clapper up on the bell's trailing side. Alternatively, the clapper may have a shorter period and catch up with the bell's leading side, travel up with the bell coming to rest on the downhill side. This latter method is used in English style full circle ringing. Rostoker, William; Bronson, Bennet; Dvorak, James (1984). "The Cast-Iron Bells of China". Technology and Culture. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 25 (4): 750. doi: 10.2307/3104621. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 3104621. S2CID 112143315.Occasionally the clappers have leather pads (called muffles) strapped around them to quieten the bells when practice ringing to avoid annoying the neighbourhood. Also at funerals, half-muffles are often used to give a full open sound on one round, and a muffled sound on the alternate round for a distinctive, mournful effect. This was done at the Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.

Jennings, Trevor (1988). Bell Founding. Princes Risborough, England: Shire. p.8. ISBN 0-85263-911-2. Cubberly, William H. (1989). "Metals". In Bakerjian, Ramon (ed.). Tool and manufacturing engineers handbook. Dearborn, MI: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. ISBN 978-0-87263-351-3.

Delivery

Spencer, Ann "And round me rings": bell tales and folklore. Toronto: Tundra, 2003 ISBN 0-88776-597-1 The Tsar Bell by the Motorin Bellfounders is the largest bell still in existence. It weighs 160 tonnes (180 tons), but it was never rung and broke in 1737. It is on display in Moscow, Russia, inside the Kremlin. Bell is a word common to the Low German dialects, cognate with Middle Low German belle and Dutch bel but not appearing among the other Germanic languages except the Icelandic bjalla which was a loanword from Old English. [3] It is popularly [4] but not certainly [3] related to the former sense of to bell ( Old English: bellan, 'to roar, to make a loud noise') which gave rise to bellow. [5] History [ edit ] Chinese bronze bell, 18th-16th century BC Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng, dated 433 BC. British Carillon Society (Great Britain, Ireland, Northern Ireland) - https://www.britishcarillons.org Herrera, Matthew D. (2004), Sanctus Bells: Their History and Use in the Catholic Church (PDF), San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium, archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-04 , retrieved 2011-09-26