a b c Ehrenreich, Barbara; English, Deirdre (2010). Witches, Midwives & Nurses: A History of Women Healers (Seconded.). New York: Feminist Press at CUNY. ISBN 978-1558616905. Bussien, Nathaly et al. 2011. Breaking the spell: Responding to witchcraft accusations against children, in New Issues in refugee Research (197). Geneva, Switzerland: UNHCR There are not specific tools you need to become a witch. Practitioners can choose what to use, whether it be candles and crystals or tarot cards. Kelly, A.A., Crafting the Art of Magic, Book I: a History of Modern Witchcraft, 1939–1964, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, 1991. [ ISBNmissing] Home: Oxford English Dictionary". oed.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021 . Retrieved 18 July 2021.

Geertz, Armin W. (Summer 2011). "Hopi Indian Witchcraft and Healing: On Good, Evil, and Gossip". American Indian Quarterly. 35 (3): 372–393. doi: 10.1353/aiq.2011.a447052. ISSN 0095-182X. OCLC 659388380. PMID 22069814. To the Hopis, witches or evil-hearted persons deliberately try to destroy social harmony by sowing discontent, doubt, and criticism through evil gossip as well as by actively combating medicine men. ... Admitting [he practiced witchcraft] could cost him his life and occult power Hoggard, Brian (2004). "The archaeology of counter-witchcraft and popular magic", in Beyond the Witch Trials: Witchcraft and Magic in Enlightenment Europe, Manchester University Press. p. 167 [ ISBNmissing] Behar, Ruth (1987). "Sex and Sin, Witchcraft and the Devil in Late-Colonial Mexico". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 34–54. doi: 10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00030. hdl: 2027.42/136539. JSTOR 645632. a b Singh, Manvir (2 February 2021). "Magic, Explanations, and Evil: The Origins and Design of Witches and Sorcerers". Current Anthropology. 62 (1): 2–29. doi: 10.1086/713111. ISSN 0011-3204. S2CID 232214522. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021 . Retrieved 28 April 2021.

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Molina, Javier Aguilar 2006. "The Invention of Child Witches in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Social cleansing, religious commerce and the difficulties of being a parent in an urban culture". London: Save the Children

While most cultures believe witchcraft to be something willful, some Indigenous peoples in Africa and Melanesia believe witches have a substance or an evil spirit in their bodies that drives them to do harm. [1] :19–22 However, such substances are described in other accounts as being able to act on their own while the witch is sleeping or unaware. [19] The Dobu people believe women work harmful magic in their sleep while men work it while awake. [1] :18-19 Further, in cultures where substances within the body are believed to grant supernatural powers, the substance may be good, bad, or morally neutral. [22] [23] Hutton draws a distinction between those who unwittingly cast the evil eye and those who deliberately do so, describing only the latter as witches. [1] :10Silverblatt, I. (1983). "The evolution of witchcraft and the meaning of healing in colonial Andean society". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 7 (4): 413–427. doi: 10.1007/BF00052240. PMID 6362989. S2CID 23596915. Pope, J.C. (1968). Homilies of Aelfric: a supplementary collection (Early English Text Society 260). Vol.II. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p.796. Sea witches have a special connection to the ocean. They might practice water magic, use seawater in their rituals, bring seashells home for their altar, and pay special attention to the Moon (because it controls the tides, after all). Sex Witch Barstow, Anne Llewellyn (1994). Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts. San Francisco: Pandora. ISBN 978-0062500496. Let’s suppose that an eager JP has put together a significant number of depositions – complaints in writing from your fellow villagers – and has also interrogated you, and got a confession from you. The next stage is that all this evidence is put to a jury, who decide whether to take it to trial or not.

In these societies, practitioners of helpful magic, usually known as cunning folk, have traditionally [ timeframe?] provided services such as breaking the effects of witchcraft, healing, divination, finding lost or stolen goods, and love magic. [1] :x-xi In Britain, and some other parts of Europe, they were commonly known as cunning folk or wise people. [1] :x-xi Alan McFarlane wrote that while cunning folk is the usual name, some are also known as 'blessers' or 'wizards', but might also be known as 'white', 'good', or 'unbinding witches'. [127] Historian Owen Davies says the term "white witch" was rarely used before the 20th century. [7] :xiii Ronald Hutton uses the general term "service magicians". [1] :x-xi Often these people were involved in identifying alleged witches. [1] :24-25 We're in the middle of a witch moment': Hip witchcraft is on the rise in the US Misconceptions of witchcraft Societies that believed in witchcraft also believed that it could be thwarted in various ways. One common way was to use protective magic or counter-magic, of which the cunning folk were experts. [1] :24-25 This included charms, talismans and amulets, anti- witch marks, witch bottles, witch balls, and burying objects such as horse skulls inside the walls of buildings. [42] Another believed cure for bewitchment was to persuade or force the alleged witch to lift their spell. [1] :24-25 Often, people would attempt to thwart the witchcraft by physically punishing the alleged witch, such as by banishing, wounding, torturing or killing them. "In most societies, however, a formal and legal remedy was preferred to this sort of private action", whereby the alleged witch would be prosecuted and then formally punished if found guilty. [1] :24-25 This often resulted in execution. It is commonly believed that witches use objects, words, and gestures to cause supernatural harm or that they simply have an innate power to do so. Hutton notes that both kinds of practitioners are often believed to exist in the same culture and that the two often overlap, in that someone with an inborn power could wield that power through material objects. [1] :19–22 witch". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)Saltwater for curing wounds, butter to heal the skin, red nettles to cure pain in the loins. Just some of the methods used for centuries by folk healers like Alison Pearson of St. Andrews. Another Old English word for 'witch' was hægtes or hægtesse, which became the modern English word " hag" and is linked to the word " hex". In most other Germanic languages, their word for 'witch' comes from the same root as these; for example German Hexe and Dutch heks. [28] Witch Hunts in Modern South Africa: An Under-represented Facet of Gender-based Violence (PDF). MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programm. 2009. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.6630. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2014. Witchcraft beliefs are widespread, highly variable around the world". Public Library of Science via phys.org . Retrieved 17 December 2022.

Historically, the Christian concept of witchcraft derives from Old Testament laws against it. In medieval and early modern Europe, many Christians believed in magic. As opposed to the helpful magic of the cunning folk, witchcraft was seen as evil and associated with Satan and Devil worship. This often resulted in deaths, torture and scapegoating (casting blame for misfortune), [68] [41] :9–12 and many years of large scale witch-trials and witch hunts, especially in Protestant Europe, before largely ending during the Age of Enlightenment. Christian views in the modern day are diverse, ranging from intense belief and opposition (especially by Christian fundamentalists) to non-belief. During the Age of Colonialism, many cultures were exposed to the Western world via colonialism, usually accompanied by intensive Christian missionary activity (see Christianization). In these cultures, beliefs about witchcraft were partly influenced by the prevailing Western concepts of the time. A common belief in cultures worldwide is that witches tend to use something from their target's body to work magic against them; for example hair, nail clippings, clothing, or bodily waste. Such beliefs are found in Europe, Africa, South Asia, Polynesia, Melanesia, and North America. [1] :19-22 Another widespread belief among Indigenous peoples in Africa and North America is that witches cause harm by introducing cursed magical objects into their victim's body; such as small bones or ashes. [1] :19-22 James George Frazer described this kind of magic as imitative. [b]It has been suggested that this section be split out into another articletitled Witchcraft in Oceania. ( Discuss) (September 2023)