A source from Cardiff City FC said the club “welcomed the verdict” and hoped it would “provide some closure” to the families of Emiliano Sala and David Ibbotson. The source said: “We are pleased that individuals’ responsibilities have been well established in court and Cardiff City FC’s actions have been appropriate. A lot of the misdirected allegations towards the club and suggestions of wrongdoing can end at this point. The term agreement (conventio) is general, so that Pedius elegantly says that there is no contract, no obligatio, that does not have an agreement within it, whether it arises by delivery or words: for even the stipulatio, which arises by words, is void unless there is agreement. He was also not qualified to fly outside of the United Kingdom and didn’t have a night rating, so was not qualified to fly at night.

Mr Goudie said: “You didn’t want people to speak to the press and for people to get the wrong idea but you said David Ibbotson caused the crash, you had no information at the time so you knew he was not a competent flier. Moreover, it is only an intimate relationship, not an equivalence . The obligatio gives rise to the actio, the actio is grounded on the obligatio. There is, therefore, a separation in time between the two; the purpose of the actio is to obtain performance of the obligatio and thereby to dissolve it . This is an important aspect of the relationship between the two ideas. While the obligatio exists, as well as the legal relationship between the parties there is a social relationship of dominance and subordination . The inevitable period of time between the creation of the obligatio and its dissolution (whether it be by actio or by performance) marks the continuance of this social relationship . The obligatio might continue indefinitely, it might never be dissolved, thereby stretching the duration of the power relationship . It may even be the case that the debtor might sometimes be expected not to perform, since it might not be appropriate for the person in the subordinate position to determine when the relationship should end . Dr Sophie Turenne ​is a College Lecturer and Fellow at Murray Edwards College and Co-Director of CELS. She holds a PhD in Law from the University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas and is an Associate Member of the International Academy of Comparative Law. She has written extensively on the topic of judicial independence and has interests in comparative law, constitutional law, European law, judicial studies and legal theory. She recently acted as an expert on judicial matters for the Judicial Appointments Commission of England and Wales and the UK Senior Salaries Review Body. She is also Editor for the Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies.

Professor Catherine Barnard

The rather rough and ready definition of obligatio as a vinculum iuris found in Justinian’s Institutes, a tie of law by which we are of necessity constrained to pay some thing according to the laws of our civitas , brings into the foreground the relationship between obligatio and actio. If the effect of the obligatio was that one person could be forced to pay (or do) something by the beneficiary, this would be achieved by the beneficiary bringing an action against the person under the obligatio. To that extent, therefore, there was an intimate connection between obligatio and actio , the one being a corollary of the other. While it will come as no surprise to learn that David will continue his research for years to come, this lecture marks his retirement from the Regius Professorship of Civil Law. The lecture will be introduced by Mr Justice Foxton, and will be followed by a drinks reception. All are welcome, though booking is essential: We are delighted to announce that Professor Helen Scott will join the Faculty of Law in October 2022 as the Regius Professor of Civil Law. The Regius Professorship of Civil Law was founded by Henry VIII in 1540 and was the University of Cambridge’s first Chair in Law. The Chair is currently held by Professor David Ibbetson, who will retire in September 2022; other recent holders of the Chair include Professor Peter Stein and Professor David Johnston. Mr Goudie said: “He’s been with you less than two weeks, why when Fay Keely asked you not to use him again did you not give her the full facts?

This then provides the shape for Gaius’ treatment of personal obligations: first contracts, then delicts or wrongs . The same duality is found in Gaius’ treatment of personal actions: these, he says, seek to enforce an obligation imposed by contract or delict; though we should observe that already in the Institutes he has referred to the personal action to enforce a legacy per damnationem. In truth, contract and wrongdoing are merely the two principal sources of obligatio, and in the Digest Gaius is seen to be giving a slightly expanded categorisation, adding an additional residuary group :Sequens divisio in quattuor species deducitur: aut enim ex contractu sunt aut quasi ex contractu aut ex maleficio aut quasi ex maleficio.

The Piper Malibu N264DB plane is bought by Southern Aircraft Consultancy Inc, and trustor company Cool Flourish Ltd. David Henderson takes over management of the aircraft. An inquest into the death of Emiliano Sala is scheduled to take place on February 14 next year at Bournemouth Coroners' Court.The only person you chased twice after the crash was Henry Aylott . These texts show quite clearly you knew he wasn’t a competent pilot.” Above all, an obligatio might flow from a contract , so much so that it could sometimes be treated as synonymous with contract. This is clearest in Ulpian’s description of the nature of contract as something which stemmed from an agreement: Professor Jorge Vinuales is the Harold Samuel Professor of Law and Environmental Policy at the University of Cambridge. His research interests encompass domestic, comparative, European and international environmental law and policy.

David Henderson meets David Ibbotson at Raf Retford Gamston. He begins to employ him as a pilot for the N264DB aircraft. Ibbetson is originally and primarily an English legal historian, but he is also expert in Roman law and has written comparative works relating to the history of European law. Whilst he has published on a wide range of subjects, his focus has been on the historical relationship between English Common Law and the legal systems and legal thought of the rest of Europe. An obligatio is a tie of law by which we are of necessity constrained to pay some thing according to the laws of our civitas.Obligationum substantia non in eo consistit, ut aliquod corpus nostrum aut servitutem nostram faciat, sed ut alium nobis obstringat ad dandum aliquid vel faciendum vel praestandum. Dr Emilija Leinarte is University Assistant Professor. Her expertise lie in International law and European Union Law.