XMarker–In this part all marker operations are handled, from setting the markers, storing them and performing modifications, until finally converting them from an (MeVisLab) MLBase type to vtkPoints. Allows 3D implant exporting as Computer-Aided Design (CAD) file format for 3D printing and in-depth pre-surgical assessment; Mayfield Brain & Spine, Brain Tumors: An introduction. Available online: https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-braintumor.htm (accessed on 18 February 2023). In the following sections of the article, we explain all the steps to proceed with virtual models of fossil skulls, including the protocols to follow and the better software to use in each particular case. X-Ray Computed Tomography Acquisition Xu, H.; Niu, C.; Fu, X.; Ding, W.; Ling, S.; Jiang, X.; Chen, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, J. Early cranioplasty vs. late cranioplasty for the treatment of cranial defect: A systematic review. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2015, 136, 33–40. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]

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Journals

Tropeano, M.P.; Spaggiari, R.; Ileyassoff, H.; Park, K.B.; Kolias, A.G.; Hutchinson, P.J.; Servadei, F. A Comparison of Publication to TBI Burden Ratio of Low- and Middle-Income Countries Versus High-Income Countries: How Can We Improve Worldwide Care of TBI? J. Neurosurg. 2019, 47, E5. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] In the case of the skull of U. spelaeus ladinicus, it was acquired with a XμCT system (see Table 1 and Supplementary Data). The virtual reconstruction of U. spelaeus ladinicus is shown in Figure 8. In this case, only the right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the left canine were virtually repaired in Mimics. For repairing the right TMJ, a preliminary step was performed to preselect the left TMJ. With this anatomical selection, we proceeded to mirror the structure (the command is CMF/Simulation→Mirror in Mimics) ( Figures 8A–D). As this structure is essentially formed by trabecular bone with a high complexity of the trabeculae, it is unfeasible to generate a new layer of bone as performed in other fossils. Therefore, the easiest way to proceed here was to adapt the repositioned fragment and merge it later, through the command CMF/Simulation→Reposition and Merge in Mimics ( Figures 9A–D). The left canine was precisely reconstructed in the alveolar cavity, adapting the shape, size, and orientation of such dental piece to the specific anatomical requirements with the same command reposition tool ( Figure 9B). With this process, the skull of U. spelaeus ladinicus is fully repaired and reconstructed with the TMJ and the left canine ( Figure 9C). Once the skull was virtually reconstructed, its mesh was postprocessed. The analysis is explained in detail in “Mesh Postprocessing” section. Conclusion Gordon CR, Fisher M, Liauw J, Lina I, Puvanesarajah V, Susarla S. et al. Multidisciplinary Approach for Improved Outcomes in Secondary Cranial Reconstruction: Introducing the Pericranial-onlay Cranioplasty Technique. Neurosurgery 2014; 10(2): 179–189.