Reighard, Jacob; Jennings, H. S. (1901). Anatomy of the cat. New York: H. Holt and Company. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.54000. The caudofemoralis is a muscle found in the pelvic limb. [28] The Caudofemoralis acts to flex the tail laterally to its respective side when the pelvic limb is bearing weight. When the pelvic limb is lifted off the ground, contraction of the caudofemoralis causes the limb to abduct and the shank to extend by extending the hip joint. Cats' feces are comparatively dry and their urine is highly concentrated, both of which are adaptations to allow cats to retain as much water as possible. [37] Their kidneys are so efficient, they can survive on a diet consisting only of meat, with no additional water. [42]

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Heide Schatten; Gheorghe M. Constantinescu (21 March 2008). Comparative Reproductive Biology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-39025-2.Pearcey, Gregory E. P.; Zehr, E. Paul (7 August 2019). "We Are Upright-Walking Cats: Human Limbs as Sensory Antennae During Locomotion". Physiology. 34 (5): 354–364. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00008.2019. ISSN 1548-9213. PMID 31389772. This technique can be useful when attempting to treat or move an uncooperative cat; however, since an adult cat is heavier than a kitten, a pet cat should never be carried by the scruff, but should instead have its weight supported at the rump and hind legs, and at the chest and front paws. [ original research?] A pronounced primordial pouch in a male Tabby mix Primordial pouches [ edit ] This muscle is under the extensive aponeurosis situated on the ventral surface of the cat. Its fibers are extremely longitudinal, on each side of the linea alba. It is also traversed by the inscriptiones tendinae, or what others called myosepta.

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The serratus dorsalis is medial to both the scapula and the serratus ventralis. Its origin is via aponeurosis following the length of the mid-dorsal line, and its insertion is the dorsal portion of the last ribs. Its action is to depress and retracts the ribs during breathing. Pectoantebrachialis muscle is just one-half-inch wide and is the most superficial in the pectoral muscles. Its origin is the manubrium of the sternum, and its insertion is in a flat tendon on the fascia of the proximal end of the ulna. Its action is to draw the forelimb towards the chest. There is no human equivalent. This muscle is the innermost abdominal muscle. Its origin is the second sheet of the lumbodorsal fascia and the pelvic girdle and its insertion is the linea alba. Its action is the compression of the abdomen. Some cats can have more than 18 digits, due to a common mutation called polydactyly or polydactylism, [16] which can result in five to seven toes per paw.The serratus ventralis is exposed by cutting the wing-like latissimus dorsi. The said muscle is covered entirely by adipose tissue. The origin is from the first nine or ten ribs and from part of the cervical vertebrae. The deltoid muscles lie just lateral to the trapezius muscles, originating from several fibers spanning the clavicle and scapula, converging to insert at the humerus. Anatomically, there are only two deltoids in the cat, the acromiodeltoid and the spinodeltoid. However, to conform to human anatomy standards, the clavobrachialis is now also considered a deltoid and is commonly referred to as the clavodeltoid. Spinotrapezius, also called thoracic trapezius, is the most posterior of the three. It is triangular shaped. Posterior to the acromiotrapezius and overlaps latissimus dorsi on the front. Its origin is the neural spines of the thoracic vertebrae and its insertion is the scapular fascia. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal and caudal region. Cats possess rather loose skin, which allows them to turn and confront a predator or another cat in a fight, even when it has a grip on them. This is also an advantage for veterinary purposes, as it simplifies injections. [20] In fact, the lives of cats with chronic kidney disease can sometimes be extended for years by the regular injection of large volumes of fluid subcutaneously. [21] [22] Scruff [ edit ]

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The normal body temperature of a cat is between 38.3 and 39.0°C (100.9 and 102.2°F). [17] A cat is considered febrile ( hyperthermic) if it has a temperature of 39.5°C (103.1°F) or greater, or hypothermic if less than 37.5°C (99.5°F). For comparison, humans have an average body temperature of about 37.0°C (98.6°F). [18] A domestic cat's normal heart rate ranges from 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm), and is largely dependent on how excited the cat is. For a cat at rest, the average heart rate usually is between 150 and 180bpm, more than twice that of a human, which averages 70 bpm. [19] Skin [ edit ] Hudson, Lola C.; Hamilton, William P. (12 June 2017). Atlas of Feline Anatomy. Teton NewMedia. doi: 10.1201/9781315137865. ISBN 978-1-315-13786-5. The temporalis is a great mass of mandibular muscle, and is also covered by a tough and shiny fascia. It lies dorsal to the zygomatic arch and fills the temporal fossa of the skull. It arises from the side of the skull and inserts into the coronoid process of the mandible. It too, elevates the jaw.Fraser, Andrew F. (2012). Feline Behaviour and Welfare. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. p.107. ISBN 978-1-78064-121-8.

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Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones, which allows them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their heads. [25] Skull [ edit ] The most anterior of the trapezius muscles, it is also the largest. Its fibers run obliquely to the ventral surface. Its origin is the superior nuchal line and median dorsal line and its insertion is the clavicle. Its action is to draw the clavicle dorsally and towards the head.

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Aronson, Lester R.; Cooper, Madeline L. (1967). "Penile spines of the domestic cat: Their endocrine‐behavior relations" (PDF). The Anatomical Record. 157 (1): 71–78. doi: 10.1002/ar.1091570111. PMID 6030760. S2CID 13070242. a b Case, Linda P. (2003). The Cat: Its Behavior, Nutrition, and Health. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0-8138-0331-4. Cats are also able to walk very precisely. Adult cats walk with a "four-beat gait", meaning that each foot does not step on the same spot as any other. Whether they walk fast or slowly, a cat's walk is considered symmetric because the right limbs imitate the position of the left limbs as they walk. This type of locomotion provides a sense of touch on all four paws that is necessary for precise coordination. [9]