Voolstra, C. R. et al. Contrasting heat stress response patterns of coral holobionts across the Red Sea suggest distinct mechanisms of thermal tolerance. Mol. Ecol. 30, 4466–4480 (2021). Ready to test your punctuation skills? Quiz yourself on hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes. Connect with grammar! Try Grammar Coach™ U+FE63 ﹣ SMALL HYPHEN-MINUS (compatibility character for a small hyphen-minus, used in East Asian typography) Whilst reef-building corals have recently been shown to exhibit the capacity to oxy-regulate under both hypoxic 23 and near anoxic 24 conditions, coral bleaching and mortality can be induced when exposed to deoxygenation 25, 26, 27. Similarly to other stressors such as heat or acidification 28, 29, 30, 31, hypoxia-induced bleaching susceptibility appears highly variable between coral species, most likely due to acclimation and adaptation differences to reduced O 2 availability (e.g., 25, 32). For example, susceptibility of shallow water tropical corals to deoxygenation stress has been observed for Acropora yongei when exposed to 2–4 mg L −1 O 2 for 72 h 27, Acropora cervicornis under 0.5 mg L −1 O 2 for 24 h 26, and Acropora selago with 2 mg L −1 O 2 for 12 h during the night 25. In contrast, relatively high hypoxia tolerance thresholds have been observed for Orbicella faveolata after ~ 10 days under severely deoxygenated conditions (~ 0.5 mg L −1 O 2; 26). Interestingly, Acropora tenuis, ascribed as more heat stress tolerant than Acropora selago 33, also exhibited a greater tolerance to deoxygenation with no signs of bleaching when exposed to ~ 2 mg L −1 O 2 for 12 h 25. This latter study revealed that corals possess a complete Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-mediated Hypoxia Response System (HIF-HRS)—a key gene network for hypoxia stress mitigation in metazoans—and found the bleaching of Acropora selago to align with a lower capacity to upregulate HIF target genes. Such target genes are involved in key processes including shifting to anaerobic respiration or gluconeogenesis, a reduction in mitochondrial activity, or an increase in protein quality control, lipid resourcing, cell apoptosis, and antioxidant activity 25, 32, 34. Interestingly, these processes have also been reported in coral under heat stress 17, 29, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 suggesting transcriptomic commonalities under these stressors 22 and indicating that deoxygenation would amplify the stress responses we see under heat, but it remains to be explicitly tested. Davidson, Baruch (23 February 2011). "Why Don't Jews Say G‑d's Name? - On the use of the word "Hashem" - Chabad.org". Chabad.org . Retrieved 15 April 2023. It is customary to insert a dash in G-d's name when written or printed on a medium that could be defaced.

Using a hyphen with compound numbers or only numbers is relatively straightforward. Whenever we spell a number greater than twenty, we hyphenate it. For example: de Verneil, A., Burt, J. A., Mitchell, M. & Paparella, F. Summer oxygen dynamics on a southern Arabian gulf coral reef. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 1676 (2021). Silveira, C. B. et al. Biophysical and physiological processes causing oxygen loss from coral reefs. Elife 8, (2019). Although software ( hyphenation algorithms) can often automatically make decisions on when to hyphenate a word at a line break, it is also sometimes useful for the user to be able to insert cues for those decisions (which are dynamic in the online medium, given that text can be reflowed). For this purpose, the concept of a soft hyphen (discretionary hyphen, optional hyphen) was introduced, allowing such manual specification of a place where a hyphenated break is allowed but not forced. That is, it does not force a line break in an inconvenient place when the text is later reflowed.

Origin of hyphen

Small object of grammatical desire". BBC News. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. 20 September 2007. . Khadalkar, A.; Bunch, Z. L.; Wagoner, J.; Ravindran, V.; Oda, J. M.; Vidar, W. S.; Clark, T. N.; Maxwell, P. K.; Todd, D. A.; Barr, S. A.; Olinger, L. K.; Fink, S. L. Strangman, W. K.; Linington, R. G.; MacMillan, J. B.; Cech, N. B.; Polyak, S. J. Modulation of in Vitro SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Stephania tetrandra and Its Alkaloid Constituents, J. Nat. Prod, 2023, doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00159

Downs, C. A. et al. Oxidative stress and seasonal coral bleaching. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33, 533–543 (2002). Johnson, M. D., Swaminathan, S. D., Nixon, E. N., Paul, V. J. & Altieri, A. H. Differential susceptibility of reef-building corals to deoxygenation reveals remarkable hypoxia tolerance. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–12 (2021).

A diaeresis may also be used in a like fashion, either to separate and mark off monographs (as in coöperation) or to signalize a vocalic terminal e (for example, Brontë). This use of the diaeresis peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but it was never applied extensively across the language: only a handful of diaereses, including coöperation and Brontë, are encountered with any appreciable frequency in English; thus reëxamine, reïterate, deëmphasize, etc. are seldom encountered. In borrowings from Modern French, whose orthography utilizes the diaeresis as a means to differentiate graphemes, various English dictionaries list the dieresis as optional (as in naive and naïve) despite the juxtaposition of a and i. [ citation needed] Syllabification and spelling [ edit ] The hyphen is sometimes confused with dashes ( en dash – and em dash — and others), which are longer, or with the minus sign −, which is also longer and usually higher up to match the crossbar in the plus sign +. Gunner, Jennifer (22 February 2010). "When and How To Use a Hyphen ( - )". grammar.yourdictionary.com . Retrieved 15 April 2023. Many people confuse hyphens and dashes because they look similar in printing. NECAB3 Promotes Activation of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 during Normoxia and Enhances Tumourigenicity of Cancer Cells. Johnson, M. D. et al. Rapid ecosystem-scale consequences of acute deoxygenation on a Caribbean coral reef. Nat. Commun. 12, 1–12 (2021).