Evidence to Policy and Impact Unit. Evidence, policy, impact: WHO guide for evidence-informed decision-making. World Health Organisation; 2022. Kahle JT (1999) Conventional and hydrostatic transtibial interface comparison. JPO J Prosthetics Orthotics 85–91

Epoch Medical Innovations Inc. Limb air product overview. 2022. https://www.epochmedical.com/copy-of-limbair. Accessed 10 Mar 2023. Sanders JE, Nicholson BS, Zachariah SG et al (2004) Testing of elastomeric liners used in limb prosthetics: Classification of 15 products by mechanical performance. J Rehabil Res Dev 41:175

Typical applications

Naturally your residual limb will change size during the course of the day. The game changer for prosthetic users is wearing a prosthesis that can change in sync with these volume fluctuations. Kumar A, Vinita (2021) Current status of prosthetic and orthotic rehabilitation services in India: its issues and challenges. Front Heal Inf 10:55 Ambrosio L, Peluso G, Davis PA (1996) Biomaterials and their Biocompatibilities. In: Human biomaterials applications. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 3–17 Bennett L, Kavner D, Lee BK et al (1979) Shear vs pressure as causative factors in skin blood flow occlusion. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 60:309–314

Sanders JE, Redd CB, Cagle JC, Hafner BJ, Gardner D, Allyn KJ, et al. Preliminary evaluation of a novel bladder-liner for facilitating residual-limb fluid volume recovery without doffing. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2016;53(6):1107–20. Even more exciting, these technological advancements ultimately lead to a more intimate bond with your residual limb, through micro-adjustments that you can facilitate in minutes. Talaty M, Esquenazi A (2013) Determination of dynamic prosthetic alignment using forceline visualization. JPO J Prosthetics Orthot 25:15–21 Shaw J, Challa S, Conway D et al (2018) Quality of life and complications in lower limb amputees in Tanzania: results from a pilot study. Lancet Glob Heal 6:S18Lilja M, Hoffmann P, Öberg T. Morphological changes during early trans-tibial prosthetic fitting. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1998;22(2):115–22. Gholizadeh H, Abu Osman N, Eshraghi A et al (2014) Evaluation of new suspension system for limb prosthetics. Biomed Eng Online 13:1 Meulenbelt HE, Geertzen JH, Jonkman MF, Dijkstra PU. Skin problems of the stump in lower limb amputees: 1. A clinical study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011;91(2):173–7.

Graser M, Day S, Buis A (2020) Exploring the role of transtibial prosthetic use in deep tissue injury development: a scoping review. BMC Biomed Eng 2:2 One-hand release. Removing your prosthesis is made easy by simply pulling the adjusting dial with one hand to release. Meulenbelt HE, Geertzen JH, Jonkman MF, Dijkstra PU. Skin problems of the stump in lower-limb amputees: 2. Influence on functioning in daily life. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011;91(2):178–82. Schmalz T, Blumentritt S, Jarasch R (2002) Energy expenditure and biomechanical characteristics of lower limb amputee gait. Gait Posture 16:255–263 Klute GK, Glaister BC, Berge JS (2010) Prosthetic liners for lower limb amputees. Prosthetics Orthot Int 34:146–153

What type of wrench do I need?

McCloskey C, Kenia J, Shofer F, Marschalek J, Dillingham TR. Improved Self-reported comfort, stability, and limb temperature regulation with an immediate fit, adjustable transtibial prosthesis. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl. 2020;2(4):100090. Depending on your amputation level, lifestyle, and your overall medical condition, each technology mentioned above is different. However, all share a common theme as they are focused on providing maximum comfort, empowerment, adjustability, and innovation. The differences lie in user preference and input from your Prosthetist. Comparison Chart