By freeing some 3 million enslaved people in the rebel states, the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side. a b Pirsig, Robert M. (1999). Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values. New York: Quill. ISBN 0688171664. 25th Anniversary Edition.

Lectures were the mainstay of the Chautauqua. Until 1917, they dominated the circuit Chautauqua programs. The reform speech and the inspirational talk were the two main types of lecture until 1913. [20] Later topics included current events, travel, and stories, often with a comedic twist. [ citation needed] The most famous speech [ edit ] In Vawter's scheme, each performer or group appeared on a particular day of the program. "First-day" talent would move on to other Chautauquas, followed by the "second-day" performers, and so on, throughout the touring season. By the mid-1920s, when circuit Chautauquas were at their peak, they appeared in over 10,000 communities to audiences of more than 45 million; by about 1940 they had run their course. [18] The Chautauquan [ edit ] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chautauqua". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.6 (11thed.). Cambridge University Press. p.19.Enslaved people in the antebellum South constituted about one-third of the southern population. Most lived on large plantations or small farms; many masters owned fewer than 50 enslaved people. How do you even determine a thing like the best country in the world? There are many metrics by which we, Planet Earth, determine which small part of this already infinitesimal corner of the known universe harbors the best homo sapiens. And after polling the forty-odd Americans, two Brits, and two Canadians in the office, we can say, with complete and total objectivity, that the United States of America is that country. Americans who had never studied chemistry saw frozen CO2 and other wonders. Farm wives sat by the lake, sketching, painting. Thousands forced to leave school for work listened to professors from Boston and New York. In 1892 alone, Chautauqua featured 168 different talks. John Vincent was an Alabama-born preacher interested in improving Sunday School teaching. Lewis MIller was an inventor, his fortune made by a better combine for cutting wheat. In the summer of 1873, noting the popularity of religious tent revivals, Miller and Vincent decided to hold their own gathering. They soon found the perfect setting, with covered platforms, benches, cottages, and ample space for tents. The following August, the first Sunday School Teachers Assembly gathered in southwest New York, at Lake Chautauqua.

The insurrection exposed the growing national rift over slavery: Brown was hailed as a martyred hero by northern abolitionists but was vilified as a mass murderer in the South. Civil War History of Chautauqua in Florida". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008 . Retrieved November 3, 2010. In 1850, another tenuous compromise was negotiated to resolve the question of slavery in territories won during the Mexican-American War. Because the independent assemblies were separated by great distances and because there was spirited competition among them to attract the most popular performers, they turned to the lyceum bureaus for help in booking their “talent.” Keith Vawter, a Redpath Lyceum Bureau manager and later a manager of one of the Redpath Chautauqua circuits, became aware of the inefficiencies and expenses that the talent experienced when appearing at the scattered assemblies. His solution was to organize a series of touring Chautauquas where each performer or group was assigned to a definite day on the program throughout the touring season. Performers for the first day remained first-day talent; second-day talent always appeared on the second day, and so on for the other days of the circuit. Talent could travel from one tent outfit to another, appearing in each in turn. Circuit Chautauqua begun in 1904 and by the 1910s could be found almost everywhere, presenting its message of self and civic improvement to millions of Americans. At its peak in the mid-1920s, circuit Chautauqua performers and lecturers appeared in more than 10,000 communities in 45 states to audiences totaling 45 million people. Outrage in the North over the Kansas-Nebraska Act spelled the downfall of the old Whig Party and the birth of a new, all-northern Republican Party. In 1857, the Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court (involving an enslaved man who sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into free territory) effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise by ruling that all territories were open to slavery. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s FerryYou're ruining a splendid movement," Gunsaulus roared at Keith Vawter, whom he met at a railroad junction. "You're cheapening Chautauqua, breaking it down, replacing it with something what[ sic] will have neither dignity nor permanence." [17] On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation, and on January 1, 1863, he made it official that “slaves within any State, or designated part of a State…in rebellion,…shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” Rieser, Andrew (2003): The Chautauqua Moment: Protestants, Progressives, and the Culture of Modern Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231126425.

Though Lincoln’s anti-slavery views were well established, the central Union war aim at first was not to abolish slavery, but to preserve the United States as a nation. A route taken by a troupe of Chautauqua entertainers, the May Valentine Opera Company, which presented Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado during its 1925 "Summer Season", began on March 26 in Abbeville, Louisiana, and ended on September 6 in Sidney, Montana. [31] In popular culture [ edit ] Many masters raped enslaved women, and rewarded obedient behavior with favors, while rebellious enslaved people were brutally punished. A strict hierarchy among the enslaved (from privileged house workers and skilled artisans down to lowly field hands) helped keep them divided and less likely to organize against their masters. Mott, Frank Luther. A History of American Magazines, 1865-1885. Vol.3. The Belknap Press. pp.544–47. ISBN 9780674395527. The educational summer camp format proved popular for families and was widely copied by several Chautauquas. Within a decade, "Chautauqua assemblies" (or simply "Chautauquas"), named for the location in New York, sprang up in various North American locations. The Chautauqua movement beginning in the 1870s may be regarded as a successor to the Lyceum movement from the 1840s. [7] As the Chautauquas began to compete for the best performers and lecturers, lyceum bureaus assisted with bookings. Today, Lakeside Chautauqua and the Chautauqua Institution, the two largest Chautauquas, still draw thousands each summer season.Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, people were kidnapped from the continent of Africa, forced into slavery in the American colonies and exploited to work in the production of crops such as tobacco and cotton. Circuit Chautauquas" (or colloquially, "Tent Chautauquas") were an itinerant manifestation of the Chautauqua movement founded by Keith Vawter (a Redpath Lyceum Bureau manager) and Roy Ellison in 1904. [12] Vawter and Ellison were unsuccessful in their initial attempts to commercialize Chautauqua, but by 1907 they had found a great success in their adaptation of the concept. The program was presented in tents pitched "on a well-drained field near town". [13] After several days, the Chautauqua would fold its tents and move on. The method of organizing a series of touring Chautauquas is attributed to Vawter. [14] Among early Redpath comedians was Boob Brasfield. [15] Abolition became a goal only later, due to military necessity, growing anti-slavery sentiment in the North and the self-emancipation of many people who fled enslavement as Union troops swept through the South. When Did Slavery End? Social movement that Teddy Roosevelt proclaimed the most American thing in America NYT Crossword Clue Answers are listed below. Did you came up with a solution that did not solve the clue? No worries the correct answers are below. When you see multiple answers, look for the last one because that’s the most recent. Independent Chautauquas (or "daughter Chautauquas") operated at permanent facilities, usually fashioned after the Chautauqua Institute in New York, or at rented venues such as in an amusement park. [8] [9] Such Chautauquas were generally built in an attractive semirural location a short distance outside an established town with good rail service. At the Chautauqua movement's height in the 1920s, several hundred of these existed, but their numbers have since dwindled. [10] [11] Circuit Chautauquas [ edit ] Advertisement for the 1906 Tent Chautauqua at Clay Center, Kansas.

Maud Ballington Booth, the "Little Mother of the Prisons", was another popular circuit performer. Her descriptions of prison life moved her audiences to tears and roused them to reform. Jane Addams spoke on social problems and her work at Hull House. Helen Potter was another notable Chautauqua performer. She performed a variety of roles, including men and women. Gentile writes: "Potter's choice of subjects is noteworthy for its variety and for the fact that she was credible in her impersonations of men as well as of women. In retrospect, Potter's impersonations are of special interest as examples of the kind of recycling or refertilization of inspiration that occurs throughout the history of the one-person show." [22] On a lighter note, author Opie Read's stories and homespun philosophy endeared him to audiences. Other well-known speakers and lecturers at Chautauqua events of various forms included U.S. Representative Champ Clark, Missouri Governor Herbert S. Hadley, and Wisconsin Governor "Fighting Bob" La Follette. [20] Religious expression [ edit ]Chautauqua Girl, a Canadian telefilm that takes place in the context of the 1920s Chautauqua movement Now to say we have our shortcomings would be an understatement, from the significant and substantive (police brutality and racial inequality that should have ended long ago) to the small but very annoying (Fox News and Toddlers and Tiaras, which, to be fair, is closer to reality than Fox News ever gets.) But just in the last week, things got a little bit better, and President Obama bore his soul and sang Amazing Grace in front of a nation to punctuate what has otherwise been an awful year. America: It's a pretty badass place. History [ edit ] Postage stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of the first Chautauqua. The First Chautauquas [ edit ] Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders. It often indicates a user profile. Cooper, George (2015-07-25). "The Daily Record: Roosevelt lauds Chautauqua as 'typical of America at its best' ". The Chautauquan Daily . Retrieved 2023-10-09.