What is before the court is therefore the official document which is the foundation for summary proceedings, namely a summary complaint. What the court is therefore dealing with is "summary proceedings". There are no solemn proceedings before the court, or any document constituting them. Please note: some of Bell’s views on Deaf people and Deafness are controversial and considered incorrect and offensive today. Some people might find these views distressing, so please read with discretion. The early life of Alexander Graham Bell A plaque marking Alexander Bell’s birthplace, South Charlotte Street, Edinburgh, listed Grade A by Historic Environment Scotland. Bell had two younger sisters, Elsie and Marian, and two brothers, Edward and Melville, who would both die of tuberculosis as young men. Source: Creative Commons. This case called in a summary trials court, ostensibly for trial, on Friday 2 November 2012. The case could not in fact proceed to trial then for a number of reasons, not least the absence of the two psychiatrists who were expected to give evidence. I required ultimately to adjourn it. Hounshell, David A. 1975. "Elisha Gray and the Telephone: On the Disadvantages of Being an Expert", Technology and Culture, 1975, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 133–161.

The first successful bi-directional transmission of clear speech by Bell and Watson was made on March 10, 1876, when Bell spoke into the device, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." and Watson complied with the request. Bell tested Gray's liquid transmitter design [34] in this experiment, but only after Bell's patent was granted and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment [35] to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible "articulate speech" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted. [36] Because a liquid transmitter was not practical for commercial products, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone after March 1876 and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use. [37] It was strongly argued by Miss Ritchie, solicitor for the accused, and I agreed with her argument, that the expression "reduction to summary," which is a phrase in common usage to denote a situation where after initially deciding to put an accused person on petition and commence criminal proceedings by way of petition (which is the start of solemn) procedure the Crown then decides to proceed for the future of the case by way of summary procedure, does not amount to "reducing" the original charges and continuing with already started procedure, albeit by a different method; it amounts to commencing different procedure and a different form of criminal proceedings. As I have said, a person cannot proceed to trial on a petition. If the Crown wishes that he proceeds to trial (or its equivalent) before a sheriff sitting without a jury, they must commence the procedure that leads to that by producing and serving a summary complaint, and discontinuing the original solemn procedure. Where that happens, it amounts to the commencement of a different form of procedure, with, as I have pointed out, a different custody limit, and of course all of the other myriad procedural rules which differ as between solemn and summary procedure. In other words, where that situation happens, "criminal proceedings", in the form of "summary proceedings" start anew. April 1877: Edison files telephone patent applications. U.S. patents (Nos. 474,230, 474,231 and 474,232) were awarded to Edison in 1892 over the competing claims of Alexander Graham Bell, Emile Berliner, Elisha Gray, Amos Dolbear, J.W. McDonagh, G.B. Richmond, W.L.W. Voeker, J.H. Irwin and Francis Blake Jr. [9] Edison's carbon granules transmitter and Bell's electromagnetic receiver are used, with improvements, by the Bell system for many decades thereafter. [10]a busy signal (or engaged tone) signifying that the called party's telephone is being used in a telephone call to another person (or is "off the hook" though no number has been dialled, i.e. the customer does not want to be disturbed) A lineman's handset is a telephone designed for testing the telephone network and may be attached directly to aerial lines and other infrastructure components. tones used by earlier inband telephone switching systems were simulated by a Red box or a blue box used by " phone phreaks" to illegally make or receive free trunk/toll calls. The presiding sheriff can find that a lay representative is not authorised to appear or is not a suitable person and in those circumstances, he/she can no longer continue representing your company and you may need to employ a solicitor. But manual connection was expensive in terms of labour. In May 1912, the General Post Office opened the first automatic exchange at Epsom, Surrey. Callers could use automatic dialling with a rotary dial.

He infamously said: ‘We should try ourselves to forget that they are deaf. We should try to teach them to forget they are deaf.’ Phone to Pacific From the Atlantic". The New York Times. 26 January 1915. Archived from the original on 16 June 2001.May 1874: Gray invents an electromagnet device for transmitting musical tones. Some of his receivers use a metallic diaphragm. Early months of 1879: The Bell Telephone Company is near bankruptcy and desperate to get a transmitter to equal Edison's carbon transmitter. January 1894: The second fundamental Bell patent for the telephone expires; Independent telephone companies established, and independent manufacturing companies ( Stromberg-Carlson in 1894 and Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company in 1897).

Bell did not have sufficient technical knowledge to develop his idea, but a chance meeting with a clever 20 year old electrical engineer – Thomas Watson (1854-1934) – in a Boston, Massachusetts, electrical shop changed everything April 1930: Opening of transoceanic telephone service to Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay and subsequently to all other South American countries. [23] a b Floyd, Michael D.; Hillman, Garth D. (8 October 2018) [1st pub. 2000]. "Pulse-Code Modulation Codec-Filters". The Communications Handbook (2nded.). CRC Press. pp.26–1, 26–2, 26–3. ISBN 9781420041163. You will need to complete the relevant sections of the form that you will have received. More detailed guidance on how to defend the action and how to complete the form can be found in the guidance note Responding to a Summons

His approach is still highly controversial and divisive within the Deaf community to this day. Bell’s benefactors One of Bell’s benefactors, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, photographed in 1875. He launched the Clarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes where Bell worked. Source: Public Domain. And in any event, if the date of the granting of a petition warrant to arrest is to be taken as the date on which solemn proceedings are to be commenced, that will certainly pre-date the date of the actual first appearance, which once again means that solemn proceedings, in terms of this definition, commence on dates which pre-date a calling in court, but summary proceedings commence only on their first calling in court (the expression "first calling" which appears in paragraph 2(a) has no meaning unless you read in the words "in court" after them).

Bell Labs conducts extensive field trial of an electronic central office in Morris, Illinois, known at the Morris System. Bell is a controversial figure in the Deaf community to this day due to his belief that deaf people should be taught to speak. This was in part a result of his genetic studies and research into deafness, which concluded that marriage between two deaf people were more likely to produce deaf children. If deaf people were assimilated into society by learning to speak, he reasoned, they would be less likely to marry other deaf people. He therefore advocated education to achieve this. He opposed laws on regulating marriage and did not support sterilisation. Bell and Mabel in their later years at the estate they built – Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic for ‘Beautiful Mountain’) – Nova Scotia, Canada. It was first the family’s summer retreat and later their permanent home. Source: Public Domain.An American District Telegraph (ADT) laboratory reportedly lost some of Meucci's working models, his wife reportedly disposed of others and Meucci, who sometimes lived on public assistance, chose not to renew his 1871 teletrofono patent caveat after 1874. The date of the alleged offences pre-dates 25 June 2012. That is irrelevant (paragraph 3 supra). The accused appeared in court on these charges on about 11 June 2012, by way of a petition. That date pre-dates 25 June 2012. Solemn proceedings commenced then but have not continued. They have been discontinued. There is no warrant still in existence from a court exercising solemn jurisdiction which authorises the continued detention of the accused. The only document presently before the court on which the court is entitled to proceed is a summary complaint (it should be noted that any original petition and accompanying minutes do not form part of the process of a summary complaint - unless I had heard this argument, I would not have known that the accused had ever appeared on petition).