The success of the AVO Aviation Colour Code following the 1996 Pavlof eruption (Roach et al. 2001) and 1989 Mt. Redoubt eruption (Casadevall 1994) led to its adoption in 2005 by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). It is now an internationally recognised, used and increasingly enforced VALS. Legitimacy relies on the perception that the processes through which information has been generated and disseminated have included and balanced the interests and knowledge of all involved (Cash et al. 2003; Sarkki et al. 2013). This can be difficult to do using VALS, since they are not a static tool but rather change in purpose as the volcano ramps up and down from an eruption, and during various phases of eruptive activity. VALS have in effect been used to encompass at least two roles, driven by demand from users, consisting of a forecasting tool with warnings and a reportage tool describing what was happening at the volcano, such as an eruption, also seen in Quito, Ecuador, in 1998 (Metzger et al. 1999). This combination of roles can help to make a range of users become more expert, increasing understanding of the history of the relevant volcano and awareness of what to watch out for, so that once an alert level is issued they know how to respond (AVO user—NWS 2).

Van Eaton ultimately hopes to use lightning flashes to gauge the power of volcanic eruptions remotely. "Lightning is telling us things that other geophysical monitoring techniques can't see," van Eaton told Live Science. Bigger eruptions trigger more lightning, van Eaton said. "Simply seeing that lightning is associated with an eruption tells you that there are potential aviation issues, and it informs the way you respond to a volcano," she said. Mileti DS, Sorenson JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social Sciecne perspective and state-of-the-art assessment (No. ORNL-6609). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN (USA) Creech H, Willard T (2001) Strategic intentions: managing knowledge networks for sustainable development. IISD, Winnipeg

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Jasanoff S (2011b) Cosmopolitan knowledge: climate science and global civic epistemology. In: The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 Apr 2018, from http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566600.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199566600-e-9 Various indicators of volcanic unrest can also be used in predicting eruptions. Earthquake activity around a volcano can provide valuable information. An eruption can be preceded by hundreds of small earthquakes know as earthquake swarms. Earthquakes also can indicate that magma is moving beneath a volcano. However, eruptions can occur with no perceivable change in seismic activity. Active volcanoes generally occur close to the major tectonic plate boundaries. They are rare in Australia because there are no plate boundaries on this continent. However, there are two active volcanoes located 4000 kilometres south west of Perth in the Australian Antarctic Territory: Heard Island and the nearby McDonald Islands. South-eastern Australia is home to the Newer Volcanics Province which has been dormant for the past 5 000 years. WOVO (2018) Volcano Alert Levels. Retrieved from: http://www.wovo.org/volcanic-alert-levels/. Accessed 4 Apr 2018

The marble look pattern contains veins streaming and pulsating down the length of Volcano Light by Compac. They animate this surface, granting it energy, depth and chromatic richness. Organic, marble effect colours pair well with acabinet of virtually any colour. But above all, they are stand-out centrepieces on kitchen islands, where the organic patterns cascade down the edge, flowing onto the adjoining side panels. This natural theme is universally applicable to similar or contrasting colours. Material structure & composition: WOVO (2017) Word Organisation of Volcanic Observatories http://www.wovo.org/observatories/ [Date accessed 02/08/2017] Andreastuti S, Budianto A, Paripurno ET (2017) Integrating social and physical perspectives of mitigation policy and practice in Indonesia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_36

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Despite these variances, the possibility of developing a globally standardised VALS for ground hazards has been considered. After exploring this possibility at volcano conferences in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Scott ( 2007) concluded that there cannot be international uniformity in VALS due to the wide range in volcanic eruptions and hazards, and the recurrence of activity that requires a wide variety of needs to be catered for. Scott questioned the standardisation process, asking if it actually “undermines the important function they achieve” (Scott 2007, p. 90). De la Cruz-Reyna S, Tilling RI (2008) Scientific and public responses to the ongoing volcanic crisis at Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico: importance of an effective hazards-warning system. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 170:121–134 Another lesson here is that informal methods of communication such as telephone calls were a valuable means of facilitating timely interaction and the translation of scientific uncertainty one on one to end-users, since they did not technically involve issuing official warning information. Establishing meaning in alert levels During the March eruption of Alaska's Pavlof volcano, Van Eaton and her colleagues used the World Wide Lightning Location network to monitor the volcano's ash cloud, she said. The ash from Pavlof and other southwest Alaska volcanoes can drift into international and local flight paths.

Can enhance legitimacy by providing transparent access to the processes of information production to multiple stakeholders. Drimie S, Quinlan T (2011) Playing the role of a ‘boundary organisation’: getting smarter with networking. Health Res Policy Systems 9(1):S11

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USGS (2017) Volcano Notifications Deliver Situational Information. Retrieved from: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/notifications.html. Accessed 4 Apr 2018 Mileti D (1999) Disasters by design: a reassessment of natural hazards in the United States. Joseph Henry Press

Tilling R (1989) Volcanic hazards and the mitigation: progress and problems. Rev Geophys 27:237–269 We are a family-run business, trading since 1983 (online since 2000), serving over half a million customers last year alone. As a five-time winner of the prestigious award “Best UK Online Retailer”, we are passionate about creating a shopping experience that is fun, easy and hassle-free. In addition to serving as a means of translation, and in this way enhancing understanding of why information is (or is not) scientifically credible, boundary objects (Cash et al. 2003)Peterson DW (1988) Volcanic hazards and public response. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 93(B5):4161–4170 They can be found on the ocean floor and under ice caps, too! 10.Lava from a volcano can reach 1,250°C! Wynne B (1996) May the sheep safely graze? A reflexive view of the expert-lay knowledge divide. In: Lash S, Szerszynski B, Wynne B (eds) Risk, environment and modernity: towards a new ecology. Sage, London, pp 44–83 Whilst large volcanic eruptions gain the attention of the media, many people who live around active volcanoes in the USA are affected by hazards that persist over long periods, such as noxious gases (e.g. Long Valley caldera), and low-level seismicity (e.g. Long Valley, Yellowstone and Hawaii). Such ever-present hazards are not captured in the VALS, despite providing discomfort to local populations. A Volcano Awareness System could help accommodate short to medium-term changes and indicate the level of hazard/risk at each volcano and the anticipated severity of a hazard such as a lahar, ash or gas emissions to user groups. Removing both the alert level descriptions and the focus on the eruptive activity enables the system to express awareness about the different hazards and situations in a simple design. This system could potentially be standardised nationally, potentially internationally, yet be locally operated and adapted for the local hazards and needs, and reflect temporal changes effectively.